Project Deliverable 6B PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Deliverable 6B - PowerPoint Presentation Example These assumptions are: The timeline is reasonable and do-able. The phased rollout supports early success and continued improvement. The project includes a lengthy implementation as components are developed and implemented, followed by sustained competency and improvements in the seven component areas. The following is a detailed breakdown of the roles required to execute the project. It includes: the project role, the project responsibility of the role, skills required, number of staff required fulfilling the role, the estimated start date and the expected duration the staff resource will be needed on the project. Organization can adopt security guidance into its general project management processes or react to security failures. It is increasingly difficult to respond to new challenges with the new installation of security system in project management processes. This security system has to be well fit with the project management. This coordination of activities considering the infrastructure of the project requires different assumption and troubleshooting area to change and adjust on fact based activation. In such case Trustworthy Computing Security Development Lifecycle provides an example of pragmatic way to incorporate the objective of development. The level of assurance influences aspects of project management. Security access alarm is obligatory Access to corporate information may have to satisfy legal, regulatory, or fiduciary duties, contractual obligations, or voluntary requirements such as the protection of proprietary data. Those requirements raise the importance of security governance, i.e., the incorporation of security into business management. Security governance is typically associated with systems that require medium or higher assurance. Successful security governance depends on developing control and feedback structures. In the midmarket company managed security services, they need that level of security beyond the resources and

View of the World Essay Example for Free

View of the World Essay The fact that more and more people have been holding a cynical view of today’s world can be explained by their deep disillusion with the existing social order, conventions, and values. To some extent, by embracing cynicism those people try to psychologically protect themselves against injustices and unpleasantness of this world. Contemporary cynics refuse to believe in the noble values promoted by modern society as they have plenty of bitter evidence attesting that those values are usually empty words and beliefs while most people do things only for their own advantage. Instead of concentrating on what today’s world should be, cynics accept it as it is now and try to adapt themselves to its realities. Cynics justify their position by the fact that they do not want to be victims of self-deception and disappointment as it often happens, for example, to idealists or optimists. If the latter believe in this world’s good virtues and ideals and have positive expectations from it, cynics know that such expectations often turn into disappointment, dissatisfaction, and sufferings. Today’s world is far from being perfect, cynics emphasize, and it is wrong and even harmful to expect something good from it. What disillusion is for others, it is reality for cynics, and in this philosophy they simply seek self-protection (Bayan). Apart from moral and psychological protection against today’s imperfect world, cynics also see certain important practical advantages resulting from their doctrine. Idealists and optimists expect success from whatever they do while cynics do not exclude failure and, therefore, work harder in order to reduce the possible negative effects of their failure. This approach motivates them to be more careful and attentive, and calculate everything they do to the last detail. And, unlike idealists and optimists, cynics are prepared to deal with their failure when it occurs, since they anticipated it from the very beginning. However, it often happens that their anticipation of failure and hard work unexpectedly turn out to be success, or at least their failure is far from being as serious as they expected it to be. And for cynics, this is another proof that their doctrine does not only insulate them against today’s world’s imperfection, but also occasionally contributes to their success (Nussbaum, 2009). References Bayan, R. Positive Cynicism. Retrieved February 20, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. i-cynic. com/positive. asp Nussbaum, N. (2009, February 10). Glass Half Empty. The Cornwell Daily Sun on the web. Retrieved February 20, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://cornellsun. com/node/34901

Arguments For And Against A Deterrence Justification Criminology Essay

Arguments For And Against A Deterrence Justification Criminology Essay The idea that punishment requires some sort of justification is because it is seen to involve some of infliction of suffering or pain (Bentham, 1789, p 45) and as a result can only truly be justified if its consequences are deemed to be beneficial (Bentham, 1789, p 45). The idea of deterrence is to stop individuals committing further offences, known as individual deterrence but to also by deterring potential offenders within the community from committing a similar offence. Zimring and Hawkins (1973, p 40) suggest this to be known as general deterrence, and works on the basis that punishment such as prison sentences deters criminals due to the fear of the punishment (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300). Punishment is hoped to achieve particular aims by implementing different theories of sentencing, depending on the sentencing policy will depend on the balance between six different theories. Within deterrence theory, offenders and potential offenders must be evaluated, and it must be decided as to what will make an impact on them. The idea of deterrence aims to make potential offenders think about their actions and the likely consequences of them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 240). Therefore it could be seen that deterrence approaches show little concern with the severity of the crime committed, but more so with the prevention of the crime being committed again, and could therefore be seen by some as ignoring the problem of crime (Ashworth, p 1078). However, deterrence is not always designed to punish people however, but to stop those committing further offences, focusing on how actions will affect their future behaviour (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p, 249), and this can be seen through absolute discharges for example, the idea to act as a warning to not commit a further offence or they will be punished (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 249). This is a similar idea to what is used in everyday life theory underpinning a threat issued to encourage people to comply with rules or refrain from infringing them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 245). A problem arises however, when deciding what is expected to deter others, Bentham (1789, p 1079) and more recently Walker (1991, p 1079) suggest that an appropriate action to be setting penalties to outweigh the benefits of committing an offence, however this relies on the premise that those who commit crime are rational thinkers and that are responsible for their actions. This premise however, causes conflict as to whether or not criminals are in fact rational within their actions or whether crime is in fact an act of impulse. Early examples of deterrence, such as the Panopticon, as designed by Bentham (1971, p 26) suggested a circular, tiered building with inward looking cells, towards a central inspection tower, to promote the idea that behaviour within prisons would be regulated as prisoners would not know if they were being watched and therefore would behave. The idea also being that the Panopticon would be placed near a city centre, so it would be seen as a reminder to the community of the consequences of crime thus reinforcing the idea of general deterrence. In some circumstances deterrence approaches have appeared to work, Ross et al (1970, p 68) suggested that after the introduction of the Breathalyzer in 1967, and taking into account other external factors, reported a drop in all road casualties. Similarly, Condon (1994, p 246) reported that after a high number of fatalities on roads in West London, after speed cameras were introduced, these fatalities were reduced by one third. However, these studies are examples of offences which may be more likely to be thought about, on the basis that the probability of being caught may be deemed to be high, or linked to the consequences of their actions and the value that someone places on holding a license. The Home Office (1990, p 296) suggested that although some criminals appear to be calculating and balance risk and gain, much crime conducted is acted upon impulse and therefore would be unrealistic to construct a sentencing system designed to deter, on the basis that most would not think about the consequences in advance. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 246) also suggest that the most serious of criminal acts are often not calculated and therefore many would not consider getting caught. However, others disagree, and believe that not all crimes are random, and it is likely that calculations about the likelihood of being caught are likely to weighed up, and as a result may well deter some people from the decision to commit an offence, but this would require significant measurement of why some people decide to act or not act with criminal intent (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300) Von Hirsh and Ashworth (1993, p 296) reported that new law stated that the primary purpose for the sentencer should be with the aim of desert, rather than deterrence. If the idea that crime is based on criminals being calculating and balancing the options of risk and gain, then therefore punishment should not be pre-determined, but should vary on what offenders consider to be a non-desirable punishment in order to deter them, therefore their punishment need be flexible, and this may not be seen to be fair or just but should be seen to be effective and suit the notion that anything should be done (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 246). It could also be seen that the idea of individual and general deterrence to be in conflict, if the idea of punishment is to punish on the basis of what deters an individual from re-offending then this may not be what would deter other potential offenders from committing a similar offence in the first instance. By implementing differential sentences then this reflects the view to change individual behaviour, but to deter the public, and therefore potential offenders sentences need to be fixed and certain regardless of age or circumstances (Wilson and Hernstein, p 34). Akers (1997, p 40) suggests that certainty of getting caught is more effective in deterring crime than the severity of punishment, however as Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) suggest that as only 2% of crimes result in a conviction, the assumption is that people are likely to deem the chances of being punished very low, therefore as Akers (1997, p 40) suggest if punishment is less certain, punishment must be more severe in order to deter in order for people to believe that they have more to lose than gain from committing a crime. Beyleveld (1978, p 40) agrees with Akers, that punishment should be increased to maintain effective deterrence, and suggests that the only way to deter different people with varying offences and circumstances is to set punishment out of proportion with the severity of the crime. However, Wright (1982, p 40) suggests that this may just encourage criminals to try harder to avoid detection for their crimes and that punishment should fit the crime. On the other hand, Beadau (1964, p 40) and Beyleveld (1979, p 40) have both suggested that the abolishment of the death penalty had no impact on the murder rates in the USA and UK respectively. Therefore, the severity of punishment could be seen to have little impact on the offending rates, and that other factors must be involved in the decision to commit a crime. Walker (1985, p 40) suggests that capital punishment is no more effective as a deterrence than imprisonment and that in most circumstances, murder is not a rational choice and therefore, the punishment is irrelevant and a deterrence effect is unlikely. It is therefore unjustifiable to construct punishment on the basis of deterrence, if it was never the intention to commit a criminal act. Wright (1993 p 8) addressed modern theories of the certainty and severity of punishment and rational choice theories suggest that people make decisions to act based on the choice to maximise profit and minimise loss, therefore the decisions to offend are based on perceived effort and reward rather than the chances of being caught and the severity of punishment (Becker 1986, p 8). Nonetheless, Charles Murray, in Does Prison Work? (1997 p 300) concludes that incarceration solves the problem of crime and that prison is the most effective way of deterring crime, short of the death penalty. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) propose another problem with the idea of deterrence approaches to punishment is that there are high reconviction rates that show the majority of those who have been imprisoned will be reconvicted within two years, and therefore if punishment sees to be ineffective to prevent re-offending then a deterrence approach to punishment is unjustifiable and invalid (Bentham, p 57) Martin and Webster (1971, p 40) suggest that in some circumstances punishment may push individuals into a situation where they may have little to lose from re-offending, such as a lack of opportunities due to previous convictions, or loss of family. This also promotes a similar idea to labelling theorists who suggest that the notion of being caught and stigmatised may lead to an individual committing further offending. Chambliss (1969, p 157) reports that the criminal legal system is ineffective as it processes people who are least likely to be deterred from the punishment imposed, whilst ignoring any harsh treatment of those who would be deterred by such sanctions, maintaining organizational power. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 34) also suggest that this can create a moral dilemma as those perceived by the courts as being less likely to offend will receive shorter or less harsh sentences than someone perceived more likely to re-offend, and therefore this maintains inequalities within the legal system and makes it harder to reinforce the view that deterrence is a valid concept for punishment. Overall it appears that there is much conflict as to if deterrence theory is a valid justification of punishment. Ross (1973, p 68) argues that the effect that deterrence has is due to the subjective probability of sanctions, and although there is some evidence as to what is considered effective examples of deterrence approaches, most studies are reported to be inconclusive. Therefore it can only be seen that the result of deterrence theory will depend on what is considered as value and as a risk to the individual, on the basis that crime is calculated. However there is little agreement as to what makes up this calculation, whether it is the likelihood of punishment, the type of crime, the severity of punishment. How criminals are perceived by sentencers in the criminal justice system reflects how they are treated, if they are perceived as calculating then it would be logical to propose heavier sentences, but if it is deemed to be an irrational factor than this would be illogical as a deterrence approach. Deterrence theory causes conflict with punishment as there is little consistency within sentencing to maintain effective deterrence, and although the view may be to deter individuals from re-offending, which has proved to be inconclusive, there is little evidence to show that flexibility within the sentencing process maintains general deterrence. Another problem with this approach it the idea of proportionality, and again this links to how the offender or potential offender is perceived by the criminal justice system. One of the main objections is that it focuses on the individual behaviour and the preconceptions of expected future behaviour, rather than focusing on the criminal act itself and the reasoning behind the offences, such as external factors, commonly linked to retributive approaches. Overall it would appear that there needs to be further investigation into the conception of human behaviour to explore reasoning, rational and irrational behind individual motivational states to carry out a criminal act.

Earthquakes Essay example -- essays research papers

I chose to research earthquakes and the prediction of earthquakes because I was curious as to how they work. In this paper, I will discus the history of earthquakes, the kinds and locations of earthquakes, earthquake effects, intensity scales, prediction, and my own predictions. An earthquake can be defined as vibrations produced in the earth's crust. Tectonic plates have friction between them which builds up as it tries to push away and suddenly ruptures and then rebounds. The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to a disastrous, and destructive act of nature. Six kinds of shock waves are generated in the process. Two are classified as body waves, that is, they travel through the inside of the earth and the other four are surface waves. The waves are further classified by the kinds of motions they incur to rock particles. Primary or compressional waves, known as P waves, send particles moving back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling, as secondary or transverse shear waves, known as S waves, create vibrations perpendicular to their direction of travel. P waves always travel at faster speeds than S waves, so whenever an earthquake occurs, P waves are the first to arrive and to be recorded at geophysical research stations worldwide. During ancient times very little was know about. Some of the ancient Greek philosophers connected earthquakes to underground winds, where others blamed them on fires in the depths of the earth. Around AD 130 the Chinese scholar Chang Heng, believing that waves must ripple through the earth from the source of an earthquake, created a bronze object to record the directions of such waves. Eight balls were carefully balanced in the mouths of eight dragons placed around the outside of the object. When a passing earthquake occurred the wave would cause one or more of the balls to drop. Earthquake waves were observed in this and other ways for centuries, but more scientific theories as to the causes of quakes were not proposed until modern times. One such concept was recreated and advanced in 1859 by an Irish engineer, Robert Mallet. Perhaps recalling on his knowledge of the strength and behavior of construction materials, Robert Mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred "either by sudden flexure and constraint of the elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way an... ...orth of the earthquake that occurred the day before, this time I was wrong, there were two that occurred near the San Francisco bay area and none within a 50 mile radius of my approximation. The next couple days I predicted earthquakes that were within a 100 mile radius than were they actually occurred. From my experiments I concluded that predicting earthquakes was easy, you just have to pick a spot on the fault. The only thing that troubled me and probably most scientists, is magnitude, there is no possible way of predicting an earthquakes magnitude. Which is what we are really trying to predict. Earthquakes happen all the time, but what we are really trying to figure out how to predict is when a major earthquake is going to occur. I learned that earthquakes are almost unpredictable, and devastating acts of nature. I also learned how earthquakes occur and almost all of the "earthquake dictionary". There is still alot more to be known about earthquakes that we still do not know about today. Prediction of large earthquakes is still under development, where prediction of small, unnoticeable earthquakes can be easy to predict because they happen mainly around fault lines.

BTEC Business Unit 4 Assignment 1 Essay

An external purpose. They can be informal or formal. Written document sent through the post. Received by an individual or group. Written Non electronic but it can also be electronic using a word processor on a computer, but it can also be hand written but it has to always be sent by post or non electronically. -When a business sends a letter the letter can be kept as evidence if needed unless the recipient throws it out. -When a business sends a letter it can make the business seem more professional that and e-mail might not. -A letter can be sent anywhere in the world and to anyone that needs to read it. -It can contain detailed information such as figures. -It can be a lot easier to know a fake letter from a real one where as an email can be easy to fake. -It can take a lot of time to write and get the letter delivered to the recipient. -It is bad for the environment because its means you’re cutting down trees and will add to global warming. It would be a lot more eco-friendly to send e-mails. -The letter can be out of date by the time the recipient receives it because it takes a lot longer to deliver. -A single letter could be cheap to send but when a business needs to send hundreds of letters it can become very costly. For the most part it would be suitable to the majority of people, but a letter wouldn’t be suitable to blind people, children and people with little business knowledge who wouldn’t know a lot of the jargon. It also isn’t suitable to send an English letter to someone from a different ethnicity who cannot speak English. It wouldn’t be suitable for people with hearing impairment or if they are deaf. A possible adaption for the blind is the business could send the letter in braille or there are specialist programmes that can read letters back to you. If you were to send a letter to someone with little business knowledge they would send a simpler version with less jargon for them to understand. For children you would use a different method to try and communicate with them. An adaption for the deaf or someone who has hearing impairment you would send them the letter in a simpler vocabulary. Memo A memo is an internal form of communication and is intended for short messages between members of staff. Memos always have a title and it’s common to use simple bullet points in the main text. Written Mostly they are electronic and typed up on a word processor but they can also be non-electronic and be hand written and handed out internally throughout the business. -A memo I can be very inexpensive due to the hand circulation throughout the company and you don’t have to pay for any postage for the memo -It is convenient to read and write a memo because they are usually written in standardized form which makes them a lot easier and quicker to read and write than letters. -Memos are usually kept in office files or computers and because they store them they can be used for future references. -Memos are quick and easy to read. With the exchange of a memo everyone can interact with each other without disturbing there normal routine. -As memos are records of facts and decisions, they establish the accountability. So some businesses prefer to use memos even for small events and requests than phone calls or verbal conversations. -Memos are designed to only have one or two pages of information which makes them a difficult tool to use for discussing complex topics. -Memos are only meant to focus on a single subject, so they are not a good choice if you need to convey multiple topics to employees. -There is a formal tone to a memo which isn’t suitable for communicating sensitive information. -Memos send out the message that the decision has already been made and that you don’t get to give your opinion on the matter. Since a memo is sent out to employees of the company they would understand how to read and what everything means so you shouldn’t have to adapt any of the information to make it easier to understand, but it wouldn’t be suitable for the blind or those who are visually impaired. A possible adaption for the blind or visually impaired is to supply a specialist programme the will read the memo back to you or you could send out a braille version of the memo. If it is needed then they could also send out a simplified memo for the employees that find it difficult to understand. E-mail An E-mail is a powerful communication method for modern organisations. It is quick, easy to use and very cheap compared to letters and telephone calls. E-mails can be with the recipient within seconds and they give both parties a written copy of the message which can be used for reference. Because e-mails a digital they are extremely easy to store. An e-mail can be used internally and externally to a business depending on what you’re using it for. Written You can only send e-mails electronically -Emails do not use paper so it saves hundreds of trees being cut down and help reduce global warming. -E-mails are a lot quicker to send and receive than conventional mail and they are a lot easier to store than conventional mail because e-mails are all digital. -E-mails can be sent and received 24 hours a day 365 days a year so there is no limit to when you can send e-mails unlike conventional mail. -E-mails can hold attachments which make it easier to send larger files to people and it’s a lot cheaper and easier to view than conventional mail. -It is possible that when sending an e-mail you can accidently send viruses to the recipients and that virus will then go on to harm other files. -Many people send spam mail which makes it very difficult and time consuming to filter out all the spam from the important e-mails. -E-mails cannot be used for official business documents. They maybe lost and you cannot sign them. -Your mailbox might get flooded with emails after a certain time so you would have to clear it out from time to time. E-mails are suitable for communicating within a business and it is an easy, fast and often reliable service of communicating within a business informally or formally. E-mails are suitable for almost everyone. It could become difficult for someone who isn’t used to using e-mails and computers to get used to. This can cause complications between employees in the workplace. It can also cause problems to the blind and those who are visually impaired. If you are emailing someone from a different ethnicity it can be difficult to translate. It also wouldn’t be suitable for the people who do not A possible adaptation for the visually impaired is the zoom feature that is on most computers which will zoom in on the e-mail to make the font larger and make it easier to read, an adaptation for the blind would be a programme on the computer that will read out the e-mail for the user. Another adaption for emailing someone from a different ethnicity is a translating programme that will translate to the language of your choice. Fax A fax is an image of a document made by electronic scanning and transmitting it through the telephone system Written and non written because you can send images through the fax machine as well as written messages. You can only send faxes electronically through the telephone system -You only need a fax and a telephone line to be able to fax documents to someone. -It is a lot easier to fax a letter to someone, than trying to tell it to someone over the phone. -The recipient will have a physical paper with your signature on it if needed which you could not give to someone by phone. -With a fax machine you can quickly send documents from one building to another without the need to rely on other messaging services or other potentially costly document sending services. -Because a fax machine provides the sender with a receipt after the document has finished moving through the fax process, the user has evidence that he did actually send the document he claims to have. -Fax machines are not environmentally friendly they can require a lot of paper depending on what you are faxing. -It ties up the phone line while a document is being sent o received which means you cannot use the phone line if you are faxing. -Documents you have sent via fax are not as safe and secure as other type of communication methods. -There is a higher chance of losing faxes which could potentially be important and a lot of space is consumed for the storage of the printed faxes. -There is no guarantee that the faxed hard copy will be produced clearly, sending a clear copy doesn’t always mean a clear copy will be received. Faxes are suitable for sending single documents to another building. They’re also relatively fast and easy to send from building to building and it gives you a hard which can be used as evidence. Faxes will not be suitable for the blind or people who are visually impaired. It wouldn’t be suitable for people who don’t know much about the business your faxing them about. A possible adaptation for the blind or for people who are visually impaired is to send that fax and get them to scan it in to the computer so it can read it back to them and they can then make a reply or do what has been asked in the fax. If it has any business jargon you would send a simplified version to the people who aren’t used to being involved in all the business jargon. SMS SMS is a text messaging service component of phone, web or mobile communication systems, which allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. Written and non written because it is also possible to send multimedia via SMS such as pictures and short videos. You can only send SMS messages electronically. -There is no time limit that you can send SMS messages they can be sent at any time and any day of the year. -The recipient of the text message doesn’t have to have their phone switched on to receive it. -SMS messages can save time rather than interrupting someone with a phone call. -The messages can be sent easily and very quickly so it takes less time to send SMS messages than it does to make a phone call. -With an SMS you can get straight to the point unlike phone calls where you can be distracted by what the other person is saying. -Text messages are also cheaper to send than phone calls so it saves the business money. -SMS messages are also very convenient and simple to send because almost everyone in business owns a mobile phone so they can send SMS messages. -Only short messages can be sent or it will cost more money to send a long message via SMS. -Needs relatively nimble fingers to be able to type on a small mobile phone keypad. -It can take some time to create a message if you are not familiar with the text speak shortcuts. -It can sometimes take a while for the message to arrive at the recipients’ phone if the network is busy. -The cost to send an SMS message internationally can be very expensive due to the network charges. -SMS messages are informal and shouldn’t be used for serious or formal messages. SMS messages are suitable for mostly everyone even the younger children because the messages are shorter and more to the point so they wouldn’t have to read it for a long period of time. It might not be very suitable for the older generation that isn’t used to using the new technology and mobile phones. It also wouldn’t be suitable for the blind or people who have visual impairment because they wouldn’t be able to read the messages. A possible adaptation for the blind or those who are visually impaired is to get an application that reads the message out loud to you. Another adaptation would be to send a simplified message to children to try and keep them concentrated on what you want them to do. Telephone / Mobile Phone Telephone calls are still very useful for fast communication, enabling quick feedback and discussion. Modern telephone facilities can allow conference facilities so that a number of people can be involved in the same conversations. Non Written. You can only make phone calls electronically. It is also possible to make phone calls off a computer which makes it very easy and convenient to make a phone call. -It’s a fast and relatively reliable form of communication and you can contact anyone anywhere as long as they have a network connection. -When using a phone you can get an instant response without the need of waiting like conventional mail. -With mobile phones it’s an easy and convenient method of communication because a lot of people carry a mobile phone with them everywhere. -It helps you easily get a hold of someone in an emergency situation because of how convenient and simple a mobile is to use. -You cannot see the persons face so you can’t tell if the person is being serious or not and you can’t see their body language. -Anyone can get your phone number and can start cold calling you, and start distracting you from what you need to be doing. -If you need to call someone in another country the cost of the call can be very expensive due to the connection charges. -You cannot keep it as evidence because there is no solid evidence of what was said unlike a letter or e-mail. -It’s more difficult to avoid misunderstandings you cannot use visual behaviour to get feedback on whether or not your message is being understood or if there are things left unsaid. Phone calls aren’t suitable for people with hearing impairment or deaf people. They also aren’t suitable for children because it would be difficult for some young children to stay concentrated for the whole of the conversation. A possible adaptation for children would be to use another method of media to try and communicate to keep them interested in the conversation. An adaptation for people with hearing impairment or people who are deaf would be a specialised programme on the pc that would type out what the other person is saying so you could read it out on the screen. Video Conferencing Video conferencing allows two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. Non Written. Video conferencing can only be done electrically they can now be done off mobile phones which make them very easy and convenient to do they’re also getting cheaper for companies to set up. -Video conferencing is environmentally friendly because there is no need to travel around to go to meetings you can do it from your own office. -You can conference from anywhere in the world from a computer for next to no cost at all. -You can have a meeting with people from many different offices and counties without anyone having to travel. -it’s more personal than a phone call because you can see their face and see how they react to some of the things you might be saying unlike the phone call where you can only hear their voice. -You can all view a document on the screen at the same time, and people can work together and add their own ideas. The document can be emailed to everyone when the conference has ended and there is no need to print things off like in a normal meeting. -Video conferencing can also be done over the internet for a relatively small cost but it wouldn’t be as good quality or the response times will not be as good as if you pay for the equipment. -Business-level conferencing facilities can be very expensive and everyone who is going to attend to the conference needs access to suitable hardware and software. – A reliable, fast data link is required; many companies hire a connection specifically to allow conferencing to take place which can also be very expensive. -Even with a fast connection there can be some delay between responses, especially if one of the people in the conference is on the other side of the planet. -If the hardware breaks for any of the participants then they cannot attend the conference / meeting. -People could be in different time zones which could mean that someone would have to stay up throughout the night just to attend the conference. -There is nothing better than a face-to-face meeting to try and get to know someone. Video conferencing may not be that suitable for the older generation who aren’t used to using all the new technology. It also wouldn’t be that suitable for children because they may not know how to use it or they may not be able to concentrate on what everyone else wants to talk about. It’s not as suitable for the deaf or for people with hearing impairments because they wouldn’t be able to hear what anyone is saying. It’s not the best for the blind or people who are visually impaired but it’s better for them than it is for the deaf. A possible adaptation for the deaf or the hearing impaired is to have someone sign everything that’s being said or have a programme on the computer type up what everyone’s saying. A possible adaptation for the elderly is to have someone teach them how to use the technology so they can then use it for themselves. An adaption for the children would be to try and use some sort of multimedia such as a DVD to teach them or even the internet because it might keep their attention better. Unit 4 Assignment 1 Below is a suggestion for the table layout needed for Assignment 1. Please remember to read the brief carefully and check the unit specification. Obviously you will need to add extra rows.

Organizational paradigms Essay

Every organization is different and there is no perfect organizational paradigm that fits an organization in all situations. Even though the most common organizational paradigms are hierarchies, holarchies, coalitions, teams, congregations, societies, federations, and matrix organizations there are many more kinds that exist which are a combination of these with a few extra attributes. â€Å"What is clear is that all approaches have different characteristics which may be more suitable for some problems and less suitable for others† ( Horling & Lesser, 2005) I feel that among these organizational paradigms a combination of hierarchical and team based designs offer the best of the attributes. Because, hierarchical structured organizational is one of the oldest and time tested paradigms with very clear advantages over the other paradigms. A hierarchical organizational design helps decomposition and that is its major advantages. In addition, hierarchical organizations are formed with number of departments each with a hierarchy of its own and that helps the organization tackle large scale projects and scaling is comparatively easy depending on the need of the situation. They are also the simplest to understand and induction of new employees and their reporting system are comparatively more systematic and well organized. The trouble with hierarchical systems, however is that they tend to develop bottlenecks and decision making processes tend to take longer. That is the reason, for my belief that if the hierarchical organization create teams within itself, it would improve the overall flexibility of the organization and avoid the creation of bottle necks. Because teams are set of employees who work towards a common goal supporting and coordinating with each other. Whenever a larger problem crops up that cannot be handled by individuals the team can take care of them and take the organization forward. References Horling & Lesser, 2005, A Survey of Multi-Agent Organizational Paradigms, retrieved May 14, 2009 from http://polaris. ing. unimo. it/didattica/cas/L6/Lesser_OrgParadigms. pdf