Homosexual Parents and Capability of Providing Care and Guidance Research Paper

Gay Parents and Capability of Providing Care and Guidance Needed by the Children - Research Paper Example Since gay child rearing has a huge impact over the sexual direction of the youngsters, numerous individuals are partiality concerning lesbian and gay guardians. As a component of securing the eventual benefits of the youngsters, gay guardians regularly misfortune physical authority or being denied over the option to embrace kids (Appell, 2003). Actually, Tobin and Mcnair (2009) contended that experimental proof demonstrates that there is actually no solid proof for considering the sexual direction of guardians in evaluating their capacity to receive a kid. There are a few investigations uncovering that lesbians and gays are not permitted to child care or receive youngsters for the explanation that gays are considered intellectually sick making lesbians less maternal when contrasted with ladies who are hetero. It is likewise conceivable that the kind of sexual relationship that gays and lesbians have typically permitted them brief period to be associated with the genuine parent-kid co llaboration. Unexpectedly, the investigation of Vanfraussen, Ponjaert-Kristofferson, and Brewaeys (2003) uncovered that the parent-kid connection among lesbian couples is decently equivalent to contrasted and the hetero guardians. As a general rule, there is no single observational investigation that can demonstrate that lesbians and gays are not fit for turning into a decent parent. In accordance with this, there are a few investigations indicating no noteworthy distinction between the manner in which lesbians and hetero ladies could raise a kid nor there was any distinction in the emotional well-being state of the two gatherings of people.

How managers motivates their employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How Managers Motivate Their Employees - Essay Example In any sort of industry, customer merchandise, human services, administration area these objectives for the two workers and the business are imperative to accomplish. Inspirational jobs of supervisors are significant in this regard (Shanks, n.d., p.23; Neely, 2007, p.433). Hypothetical system: There are different hypotheses of inspiration which are utilized to build up the working capacities of the representatives in various business associations. These speculations are depicted beneath: Maslow’s Hierarchy of requirements: In this hypothesis the Maslow (1954), recognizes different necessities which are vital to inspire workers. These necessities are involves mental requirements, security needs, having a place needs, regard needs and self-actualisation needs. With the assistance of fulfillment movement, these necessities are utilized to move from one phase of fulfilling the need to another stage (Shanks, n.d., p.25) Alderfer’s ERG Theory: In this hypothesis Alderfer (197 2) has utilized three ideas of presence, relatedness and development to depict how supervisors can persuade their workers. Different necessities characterized by Maslow have been utilized by Alderfer to characterize these phases of persuading representatives. He likewise utilized the dissatisfaction relapse standard to depict the way that with the accomplishment of each degree of fulfillment representatives will be propelled to accomplish the following degree of fulfillment (Shanks, n.d., pp.25-26). Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory: Herzberg (2003) has utilized two inspirational components: Hygienes and Motivators, to change Maslow’s hypothesis. The primary factor gives lower level of fulfillment to the representatives, similar to better working condition, significant compensation and so forth. The subsequent factor gives more elevated level fulfillment to... There are different speculations of inspiration which are utilized to build up the working capacities of the repres entatives in various business associations. These speculations are depicted below:Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs:  In this hypothesis the Maslow (1954), distinguishes different requirements which are vital to rouse workers. These necessities are contains mental requirements, security needs, having a place needs, regard needs and self-actualisation needs. With the assistance of fulfillment movement, these necessities are utilized to move from one phase of fulfilling the need to another stage (Shanks, n.d., p.25)Alderfer’s ERG Theory: In this hypothesis Alderfer (1972) has utilized three ideas of presence, relatedness and development to depict how chiefs can spur their workers. Different requirements characterized by Maslow have been utilized by Alderfer to characterize these phases of rousing representatives. He additionally utilized the disappointment relapse rule to portray the way that with the accomplishment of each degree of fulfillment workers will be persuaded to accomplish the following degree of fulfillment (Shanks, n.d., pp.25-26). Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory: Herzberg (2003) has utilized two persuasive elements: Hygienes and Motivators, to alter Maslow’s hypothesis. The principal factor gives lower level of fulfillment to the representatives, similar to better working condition, significant pay and so on. The subsequent factor gives more significant level fulfillment to the workers.

Why You Should Attend an Illinois Summer Program

Why You Should Attend an Illinois Summer Program On days like today, my mind is focused on one thing: summer. We are having some extraordinary weather on campus today. Its 56 degrees, and its still February! Crazy, right? Yes, it’s almost time to spend the days soaking up some Vitamin D… But, what if I told you that you could do something a little different this summer? You could spend your summer making new friends, learning something new, and developing leadership skills. Intrigued? Come and learn something new at our  Illinois Summer Programs!   From business  to  engineering  to leadership  to learning about honeybees, there is an Illinois Summer Program that can fit everyones interests. Youll have the chance to experience what life on campus is like, spend time in college classrooms with professors, and make unforgettable memories. So what are you waiting for? Go check them out now! See you soon! Hannah Admissions Counselor I grew up just 30 minutes north of Champaign-Urbana and am a recent graduate of Illinois. As a former Pathway student, I understand the challenges of adapting to life at both a community college as well as a four-year institution. Whatever you're wondering about, I'll help you out! Why You Should Attend an Illinois Summer Program Its times like these when all I can think about is the summer and the fantastic weather that comes with it. After the polar vortex, there arent many things Im looking forward to more than spending some time in the sun. What if I told you there are some great opportunities you could be taking advantage of this summer? Opportunities to meet new people and form new friendships. Opportunities to learn new things and develop important leadership skills. Do I have your attention? Then you need to come check out our Illinois summer programs and learn something new! From engineering to sports to writing, our summer programs truly fit just about any interest. Youll have opportunities to spend time in college classrooms with professors, see what life on campus is like, and make some life-long memories. So whats holding you back? Go check them out now. See you soon! Evan Admissions Counselor I graduated from the University of Illinois with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Psychology with minors in both Communications and Business. I come from Aurora, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago and one of the largest cities within the state.

The Five Factors of Operation Management - 1898 Words

Contents 1.0Executive Summary 2.0 Introduction 1 3.0 Competitive Priorities of the Organization and Business Level Strategy 1 3.1 Make sure that the way he manages the hotel is appropriate to the way it competes for business 3.2 Implement any change in strategy 3.3 Develop his operation so that it drives the long-term strategy of the hotel 4.0 How five performance objectives might have internal benefits? 6 4.1 Quality 6 4.11 Quality increases dependability 6 4.12 Quality reduces cost 6 4.2 Speed 7 4.3 Dependability 7 4.31Dependability saves money 8 4.4 Flexibility 8 4.41 Flexibility saves resources 8 4.42 Flexibility increase speed of response 9 5.0 Conclusion 9 6.0 References 10 1.0Executive†¦show more content†¦Building an automatic system to improve reliable and speed that ensuring JIT for collecting correct information of customer requirement, conveniently e-pay, delivering and exchanging information for corresponding with each departments, ensuring security; Offer continual training for staff to improve the standard quality of services, English and foreign languages speaking, handling these new automatic system and internet using; Adding the advertisement through TV, internet, high-income reader journal or fashion magazines and newspaper; Keeping and developing a high standard quality and low cost supply chain which including ensuring purchasing at the right quality, fast delivery, retaining flexibility, right prices; collecting and utilizing resources form internet or global; building physical distribution management and internet; keeping a high quality materials; building a good relation ship with suppliers. 4.0 How five performance objectives might have internal benefits? 4.1 Quality Quality is placed first in our list of performance objectives because many authorities believe it to be the most important. There are two important points to remember when reading theShow MoreRelatedOperation Five Objectives1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 2 Five Performance Objectives 3 Implement and Support Process 5 Evaluating Model 6 Conclusion 7 Reference 8 Introduction â€Å"Operation strategy concerns the pattern of strategic decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of the operation.† It refers to the process to set mission and goals, make specific decisions for achieve specific objectives; and the procedure to design and formulate the strategy of operations. Operation strategy is one part of the organizationalRead MoreThe Key Factors Of Operations Management1176 Words   |  5 PagesOperations management observes the function of providing the product or service. It’s a focus that’s impossible to let go in operations management. There are two very important yet very obvious things under operations management and they are providing the product or service and to of course go ahead and sell the product or service. In order for a firm to ensure that it has the capabilities to produce its products, the supply chain, raw materials, and where to produce the products should be consideredRead MoreInternal and External Factors1059 Words   |  5 PagesInternal and External Factors in Management XMGT/230 Internal and External Factors I have been in the field of property management since I began my career and I am familiar with the organizational unit of a fee-based property management company. These fee-based property management companies are hired by multi-family real estate owners to manage the apartment communities that they own. This business, like any other is subject to the four basic functions of management. The fourRead MoreCritical Success Factors Of The Company1115 Words   |  5 Pages3.0 Situational Analysis 3.1 External Analysis 3.1.1 Critical Success Factors Cost Leadership Strategy: The adoption of cost leadership has been a significant success determinant for the company. Therefore, Nucor has assured that it becomes a cost leader through the use of advanced technologies in steel manufacturing. As well as Nucor invested actively in research and development and applied a lean management structure that improves efficiency for production. Technology and Innovation: Nucor tookRead MoreQuality, Process, And Location Analysis Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness, it is essential to explore the use of process management functions within the operations management (OM) processes. Nissan, like most companies, has had their high and low moments. Fortunately, they have been able to explore the use of process management functions to help reach their goals and keep their business successful. Nissan has used the five steps associated with Theory of Constraints (TOC ) and Total Quality Management (TQM) tools to help improve quality overall within the businessRead MoreToyotas Production System ( Tps )1630 Words   |  7 PagesTime means to produce necessary units in the necessary quantities at the necessary time. Jidoka means automation with a human touch (Toyota Australia n.d.). Toyota Australia utilises its manufacturing plant in Althona, Victoria to produce cars in five departments. Firstly, powertrain department produces engine components. Once the engine is finished, it is sent directly to assembly department. Secondly, Press plant manufactures steel panels such as side panels, roof panels and bottom panels usingRead MoreIrhr Study Notes1386 Words   |  6 PagesHofstedes cultural dimensions – know them – in textbook HINT 2 – Porter’s five forces model – know model – in textbook HINT 3 – Contingency Factors HINT 4 – Differences between content and process theory (motivation) HINT 5 – Know one leadership theory really well (Look on blackboard for topics not covered today – worksheets are provided) Topic 1: The environment and organisational culture Four external factors impacting managerial decisions in the specific environment: 1. Customers:Read MoreOrganizational Change Is Inevitable?1736 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational change is inevitable. In today’s ever-changing world there are many factors that can necessitate a need for change. Whether the change is needed because of evolving markets, new trends for products or customer demands, managers must identify when and where the change is needed. In order to ensure viability, productivity and ultimate success of an organization, it is essential that the type of change be identified and proper steps and procedures developed to manage change appropriatelyRead MoreTransnational IT Operations1340 Words   |  5 PagesTransnational IT Operations Introduction Enterprises are having to quickly change their value chains and supporting subsystems, processes, platforms and procedures to more effectively support globalized operations. Despite the common assumption that globalization and transnational IT operations are undertaken for cost reduction, a more common motivation on the part of enterprises is to capitalize on the unique expertise and knowledge in a given country or region (Gill, 2011). From this vantageRead MoreDunkin Donuts : Effective Management Skills1604 Words   |  7 Pages Dunkin Donuts Locations Introduction Being the manager of any given organization (Effective management skills) such as a business comes with many responsibilities and associated challenges and thus the right skills are required for any person to take up such a responsibility, so as to be in a position to carry out tasks such as managing and controlling the task force as well as acquiring new labor force into the organization. In order for the manager to be effective, he or she needs to have the

Essay Week 1 Case Study Dodd Vernon - 955 Words

1. Read the case entitled â€Å"Who Makes the Apple iPhone?† on page 33. 2. Answer the following questions in three pages. 1. What are the benefits to Apple of outsourcing the assembly of the iPhone to foreign countries, and particularly China? What are the potential costs and risks to Apple? Lower labor cost is one of the most basic reasons but as the case points out, that was only a small consideration. Apples ability to scale production up/down very quickly and even with short based on demand and based on product cycles seems to be one of the greatest benefits. China has more capacity, flexibility and seems to be willing to take larger risk to win business. This is evident in the article with the plants willingness to begin scaling†¦show more content†¦China Tech and manufacturing industries are benefiting because of the need to use highly skilled workers for research and development and to be innovative as they produce products for Apple. In doing this, it raises their competency levels and ability to remain technically competitive. China in general benefits as they develop a good reputation as a provider of goods and services for major companies such as Apple. 3. What are the potential ethical problems associated with outsourcing assembly jobs to Foxconn in China? How might Apple deal with these? Reputation damage for Apple is the largest issue in my opinion. Apple needs to be careful to not partner with an organization that treats their workers poorly, underpays them or takes advantage of their economic situation. If this were to happen, Apples reputation would be in jeopardy just like other companies have struggled with in the past (such as Nike and Martha Stewart). To prevent this, Apple simply needs to monitor and manage the relationship with Foxconn to ensure that they maintain good, safe and ethical work operations. The perception may be that outsourcing the work to China is taking advantage of the poor economic conditions where Chinese employees mistreat employees with low pay, long hours, mandatory overtime (often for little or no extra pay) and subject them to poor working conditions that can lead toShow MoreRelatedMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 PagesData Mergers and acquisitions : current issues / edited by Greg N. Gregoriou and Karyn L. Neuhauser. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-230-55379-6 (alk. paper) 1. Consolidation and merger of corporations. I. Gregoriou, Greg N., 1956– II. Neuhauser, Karyn L. HD2746. 5. M4365 2007 338.8’3—dc22 2007021799 10 16 9 15 8 14 7 13 6 12 5 11 4 10 3 09 2 08 1 07 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne To my mother Evangelia and in loving memory of my father NicholasRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesthough, that you can do me a favor as you go through the manuscript. If you find any mistakes - mathematical or grammatical - could you please let me know? It would help me ensure that the typos do not find their way into the final version. Chapter 1: Introduction to Valuation Chapter 2: Approaches to Valuation Chapter 3: Understanding Financial Statements Chapter 4: The Basics of Risk Chapter 5: Option Pricing Theory and Models Chapter 6: Market Efficiency: Theory and Models Chapter 7: Riskless

Women Free Essays

string(35) " not good for the man to be alone\." Women have a significant importance in the society. They play the fundamental role in the improvement of a nation. In many societies, the place of women has been discussed for numerous times. We will write a custom essay sample on Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each society placed the women in their society variously. Their view of women had shaped according to their style of living, culture, laws, and religion. Even in the modern era, the place of the women is still not clear. It can be seen the level of development of a civilization by looking how women are positioned in that civilization. Although women sometimes lived in a state of liberty, they mainly have limited life. Almost every emerging civilization had set limits on women’s freedom of expression and travel. Unfortunately, in much of human history, women had treated as they were the second-class citizen and women were expected to be submissive. Mostly, they were depended on their husbands or fathers. To give an example, in Ancient Greece, women did not have many rights. Women were not permitted to become a citizen of the Athenian city-state. Since they were not able to own their property, they were not able to hold full citizenship rights. Women actually had fewer rights than slaves because they were never allowed their own freedoms (GreekBoston.com). Also, Emory Adams Allen stated that Athenian women were always minors, subject to some male- to their father, to their brother, or to some of their male kin (444). There was even this saying in Ancient Greece time †The best woman is the one who never speaks† (Berktay 106) As a matter of fact, many examples can be given from history such as Romans, Ancient Egypt etc. Though, the point is that the women in many societies somehow suffered enough. Surely, the suffering of women is not only belonging to the past. Still, women are exposed to verbal abuse, violence, they are forcing into the marriage etc. It needs to point out that there is not only one homogenous and unchangeable woman concept. However, all the women regardless of their race, status, and religion had faced inequality at some point in their lives.The way women are perceived in societies has many factors. One of the greatest factors can be their culture. Since the roles and activities of men are determined by the cultural systems in the societies, the effect of the cultural factor is essential. Culture cannot be defined as a single concept. It covers many aspects such as the style of living, manners, customs, arts, values, morals etc. As anticipated, culture can differ from society to another one. For instance, Turks and Arabs are often confused to have a same cultural system just because they share the same religion. However, those cultural differences were even before the Islam. In pre-Islamic Arab culture, when someone has a daughter as a firstborn, it would be a shame for them. On the contrary for Turks, there were people who wanted Oghuz Lord’s prayers to have a daughter (Gà ¶kalp 26). On the other hand, even after Turks’ acceptance of Islam, there were great differences between Arabs and Turks such as the monogamy. Arabs have a polygamy culture rather than the monogamy. For this reason, even though both nations are sharing the same religion, the disparities can be seen effortlessly. After touching upon the effect of the culture briefly, now it should be mention another massive effect of perceiving the women, and that is the religion. This paper is an attempt to discuss how women perceived in Christianity and Islam.Before discussing the place of women in Christianity, it is essential to know about the main concept of the human beings in this religion. ‘How human beings are portrayed in Christianity?’ The man is considered to be sinful and filthy. Therefore, when an infant comes into the world, (s)he will be baptized to purified from sins and filths. The reason for baptism is to get rid of the original sin which was Adam’s and Eve’s disobedience to God for eating a forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden. It needs to point out that, according to Bible, Adam committed the sin because of Eve tempted him. Eve is portrayed as a seductive woman. Furthermore, Eve is considered to be the first human who fell into sin. As if she is the initiator of all the evilness. Eve is also responsible for the original sin because she tempted Adam. For this reason, women had linked with evil concepts such as wickedness, sin, and seductiveness. The view of women in Christianity has few problems. Church fathers, theologians, and authors have interpreted the bible to the extreme forms to create a widespread feminist literature. (Berktay 105) To give an example, Saint Augustinus, who preoccupied with an incomprehensible mystery of why God created the woman, states that a woman cannot be created only to be a companion for a man. Moreover, a woman simply cannot be created for helping a man because a man can perform this task better. Hence, Augustinus comes to the conclusion that woman has no value aside from child-bringing (Brundage 85). Another North African Christian theologian Tertullianus, who was an extreme misogynist, declared as: You are the gate of hell woman! You are the first to oppose the law of God; you deceived such a man that even the devil would not dare come close to him. You easily ruined the man who was created in the image of God. Because of your blame, even the son of God must die! (Ruther 157). The Christian Bible consists of two main parts, the first part is the Old Testament and the second part is the New Testament. Old testament almost has the same content in Tanakh which is the holy scripture of Jews. However, Tanakh is called Old Testament by Christians and they interpret Tanakh differently. The woman in Old Testament begins with Genesis 2:18 † The Lord God said, â€Å"It is not good for the man to be alone. You read "Women" in category "Papers" I will make a helper suitable for him.† It can say that loneliness is not good for the man so that God created a helper for the man, and the helper was Eve. The word of the man refers to Adam. Suitable partner that is in the verse can be defined as a fitting partner for a man. Being partner is also relative to marriage. Afterwards, Eve’s creation is mentioned in Genesis 2:21-22 † So the Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man’s ribs and then closed up the place with flesh. Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man.† According to David Guzik, who is a pastor, God used Adam’s own body to create Eve to forever remind him of their essential oneness. Eve and Adam made from same substance. They are more alike than they are different (Guzik). The creation of the human race started in Adam. In Genesis 3:16 † To the woman He said, â€Å"I will make your pains in childbearing very severe; with painful labor you will give birth to children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you.† This verse is the God’s curse and punishment upon the woman. The Women were cursed with the severe pain. A woman has to be under the authority of a man, and a wife has to be under the authority of a husband. Man is to lead woman. A woman should be submissive and she must let him to rule over her. Genesis 19 is about the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. However, the man who offers his two daughters to the men to rape them instead of two angles that comes to the Sodom is ultimately dreadful. †Lot went outside to meet them and shut the door behind him. and said, â€Å"No, my friends. Don’t do this wicked thing. Look, I have two daughters who have never slept with a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do what you like with them. But don’t do anything to these men, for they have come under the protection of my roof.† (Genesis 19:6-8). The low place of women is can be seen easily in these verses, Lot is willing to prostitute his two daughters. In Exodus 21:7-11 And if a man sells his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do. If she please not her master who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed. To sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. And if he has betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. If he takes for himself another wife, her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage shall he not diminish. And if he does not do these three unto her, then shall she go out free, without money. During the ancient times, slavery was very common for both man and woman. However, when other male servants had right to walk out, female servants had no right to. As in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and the Collages book states that the reason for the different treatment of female slaves is to be found in the fact that a female slave was as a rule her master’s concubine (Perowne). These verses refer that it was alright to trade women and female slaves, and undesirable female slaves can be released without money. In addition to that, polygamy was allowed.The distinction between having a male child and female child and it is consequences can be seen in Leviticus 12:1-5: Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, â€Å"Speak to the children of Israel, saying: ‘If a woman has conceived, and borne a male child, then she shall be unclean seven days; as in the days of her customary impurity she shall be unclean. And on the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised. She shall then continue in the blood of her purification thirty-three days. She shall not touch any hallowed thing, nor come into the sanctuary until the days of her purification are fulfilled. But if she bears a female child, then she shall be unclean two weeks, as in her customary impurity, and she shall continue in the blood of her purification sixty-six days. † These verses are about the ritual impurity after the child-bringing. After a male child comes into the world and circumcised on the eighth day, the woman will be unclean until the eighth day. As David Guzik’s commentary on the main understanding of this ceremony is to understand the idea of original sin. Every birth another sinner was brought into the world, and the woman was here symbolically responsible for bringing a new sinner into the world. (Guzik). Moreover, as it seen the period of impurities is increased when having a female child, and the reason for this can be a female child will also give birth a sinner in the future. Leviticus 21:9 states that † And the daughter of any priest, if she profanes herself by playing the whore, she profanity her father: she shall be burnt with fire.† Since the daughter of a priest represents the religion she needs to be careful about her behaviors and she has the responsibility of being a daughter of a priest. Therefore, they need to follow the religion accordingly. However, this verse states that if she dishonors of herself the consequences would be punished fiercely with burning. It is a massive punishment. It needs to emphasize that Why only the daughters of a priest are responsible to follow the religion properly and they are punished when they dishonor themselves but no sons? The sons of a priest are not even mentioned. The way the widows and divorced women were perceived in the Old Testament was not that positive. To give an example, in Ezekiel 44:22 † They must not marry widows or divorced women; they may marry only virgins of Israelite descent or widows of priests.† It is obvious that the priests were not allowed to marry a divorced woman or widows except a priest’s divorced wife. Discrimination against divorced women and widows can be observed through this verse. How to cite Women, Papers

Simple Harmonic Motion Lab Report Essay Example

Simple Harmonic Motion Lab Report Paper Motion Lab Report Introduction Simple harmonic motion is the motion of a mass on a spring when it is subject to the linear elastic restoring force given by Hookers Law. In this lab, we will observe simple harmonic motion by studying masses on springs. In the first part of this lab, you will determine the period, T, of the spring by observing one sliding mass that is attached to two springs with the spring constant k, and attached to a hanging mass by a string and a pulley. The next part, you will determine the period, T, of oscillation caused by two springs attached to either side of a sliding ass. By knowing the velocity in the second part, you can find kinetic energy and potential energy of the oscillating mass. Also, you must find the uncertainty in the period, kinetic energy, and potential energy. Procedure In this experiment, you will determine the experimental and theoretical period of a spring, the kinetic energy and potential energy by measuring the spring constant and velocity of a spring. In this first part of this lab, you will have a sliding mass on a frictionless air track attached to two springs on one side, and attached to a hanging mass by a string and pulley on the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Harmonic Motion Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Harmonic Motion Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Harmonic Motion Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First you must calculate the mass of the sliding mass and the equilibrium displacement of the spring. The rest of the first part requires you to add 20 grams to the hanging mass and then measuring how far the sliding mass has moved for the equilibrium position. That number will be your delta x. Do that method five times and then solve for the spring constant through the formula: (Delta m) g = k (Delta x). The values of k that you solve for will be plugged into the formula: T = 2 (pi) (radical m/k). The period that you solved for will be your theoretical period. In part two of this lab, you will attach a spring on either side of a sliding mass on a frictionless air track and have a photo gate measure the period as the mass oscillates. Repeat that procedure for three more times and at each trial, add 20 more grams to the mass. The period that you get is your experimental period. The next step is to record the velocity of the oscillating mass to solve for the kinetic energy and potential energy. After finding the theoretical and experimental periods, you must make a graph comparing the two with error bars on the theoretical period. To find the uncertainty in the theoretical period, use the formula: Conclusion Through experiment, we have been able to calculate a value for two different kinds of periods of an oscillating mass, the kinetic energy, and the potential energy. A photo gate, which is connected to a frictionless air track that supports the sliding mass, records the period and velocity of the oscillating mass.

A Military History Timeline of the 1900s

A Military History Timeline of the 1900s This timeline chronicles the military history of the last hundred plus years and includes WWI, WWII, Korea, Vietnam, and dozens of other conflicts. 1900s September 7, 1901 - Boxer Rebellion ends in ChinaMay 31, 1902 - Second Boer War: Fighting ends with the Treaty of VereenigingFebruary 8, 1904 - Russo-Japanese War: Fighting begins when the Japanese attack the Russian fleet at Port ArthurJanuary 2, 1905 - Russo-Japanese War: Port Arthur SurrendersSeptember 5, 1905 - Russo-Japanese War: The Treaty of Portsmouth ends the conflict 1910s April 21-November 23, 1914 - Mexican Revolution: American forces land and occupy Vera CruzJuly 28, 1914 - World War I: The conflict begins when Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaAugust 23, 1914 - World War I: British forces join the fray at the Battle of MonsAugust 23-31, 1914 - World War I: The Germans win a stunning victory at the Battle of TannenbergAugust 28, 1914 - World War I: The Royal Navy wins the Battle of Heligoland Bight.October 19-November 22, 1914 - World War I: Allied forces hold at the First Battle of YpresNovember 1, 1914 - World War I: Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spees German East Asia Squadron wins the Battle of Coronel.November 9, 1914 - World War I: HMAS Sydney defeats SMS Emden at the Battle of CocosDecember 16, 1914 - World War I: German warships raid Scarborough, Hartlepool, and WhitbyDecember 25, 1914 - World War I: The Christmas Truce begins along parts of the Western FrontJanuary 24, 1915 - World War I: The Royal Navy wins the Battle of Dogger BankApril 22-May 25, 1915 - World War I: Allied and German forces fight the Second Battle of Ypres September 25-October 14 - World War I: British forces take heavy losses during the Battle of LoosDecember 23, 1916 - World War I: British Commonwealth forces win the Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai DesertMarch 9, 1916 - Mexican Revolution: The forces of Pancho Villa raid across the border and burn Columbus, NMOctober 31-November 7, 1917 - World War I: General Sir Edmund Allenby wins the Third Battle of GazaApril 6, 1917 - World War I: The United States enters the warJune 7, 1917 - World War I: General John J. Pershing arrives in England to take command of US forces in EuropeOctober 24-November 19, 1917 - World War I: Italian troops are routed at the Battle of CaporettoNovember 7, 1917 - Russian Revolution: The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government, beginning the Russian Civil WarJanuary 8, 1918 - World War I: President Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points to CongressJune 1-28, 1918 - World War I: US Marines win the Battle of Belleau WoodSeptember 19-October 1, 1918 - World War I: British forces crush the Ottomans at the Battle of Megiddo November 11, 1918 - World War I: An armistice is concluded ending World War I in a victory for the Allies.June 28, 1919 - World War I: The Treaty of Versailles officially ends the war. 1920s June 1923 - Russian Civil War: Fighting ends with the Red capture of Vladivostok and the collapse of the Provisional Priamur GovernmentApril 12, 1927 - Chinese Civil War: Fighting begins between the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party 1930s October 1934 - Chinese Civil War: The Long March retreat begins with Chinese Communists marching approx. 8,000 miles over 370 daysOctober 3, 1935 - Second Italo-Abyssinian War: The conflict begins when Italian troops invade EthiopiaMay 7, 1936 - Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Fighting ends with the capture of Addis Ababa and the Italian annexation of the countryJuly 17, 1936 - Spanish Civil War: The conflict begins following an attempted coup dà ©tat by Nationalist forcesApril 26, 1937 - Spanish Civil War: The Condor Legion bombs GuernicaSeptember 6-22, 1937 - Spanish Civil War: Republican forces are defeated at the Battle of El MazucoSeptember 29/30, 1938 - World War II: The Munich Agreement cedes the Sudetenland to Nazi GermanyApril 1, 1939 - Spanish Civil War: Nationalist forces crush the final Republican resistance ending the war.September 1, 1939 - World War II: Nazi Germany invades Poland beginning World War IINovember 30, 1939 - Winter War: Fighting between the Soviet Union and Finland begins when Russian troops cross the border following the faked shelling of Mainila December 13, 1939 - World War II: British and German naval forces fight the Battle of the River Plate 1940s February 16, 1940 - World War II: British and German forces violated Norwegian neutrality in the Altmark IncidentMarch 12, 1940 - Winter War: The Moscow Peace Treaty ends the war in the Soviets favorJune 22, 1940 - World War II: After a six-week campaign, Germany defeats France and forces the British to evacuate from DunkirkJuly 3, 1940 - World War II: The Royal Navy attacks Mers el KebirJuly 10-October 31, 1940 - World War II: The Royal Air Force wins the Battle of BritainSeptember 17, 1940 - World War II: Operation Sea Lion, the German invasion of Britain, is indefinitely postponedNovember 11/12, 1940 - World War II: In a daring nighttime raid, British aircraft strike the Italian fleet at the Battle of TarantoDecember 8, 1940 - World War II: British forces in Egypt launch Operation Compass which sweeps across the desert driving the Italians deep into LibyaMarch 11, 1941 - World War II: Pres. Franklin Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease ActMarch 27-29, 1941 - World War II: British naval forces defeat the Italians at the Battle of Cape Matapan April 6-30, 1941 - World War II: German forces win the Battle of GreeceMay 24, 1941 - World War II: HMS Hood is sunk at the Battle of the Denmark StraitMay 27, 1941 - World War II: Following aerial attacks from HMS Ark Royal and fire from British battleships, the German battleship Bismarck is sunk in the North AtlanticJune 22, 1941 - World War II: German forces invade the Soviet Union opening the Eastern FrontSeptember 8, 1941-January 27, 1944 - World War II: German forces conduct the Siege of Leningrad but fail to capture the city.October 2, 1941-January 7, 1942 - World War II: The Soviets win the Battle of MoscowDecember 7, 1941 - World War II: Japanese aircraft attack the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor bringing the United States into the warDecember 8-23, 1941 - World War II: Japan wins the Battle of Wake IslandDecember 8-25, 1941 - World War II: The British are defeated at the Battle of Hong KongDecember 10, 1941 - World War II: HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse are sunk by J apanese aircraft January 7-April 9, 1942 - World War II: Allied forces conduct the  defense of BataanJanuary 31-February 15, 1942 - World War II: The Japanese win the  Battle of SingaporeFebruary 27, 1942 - World War II: The Allies are defeated at the  Battle of the Java SeaMarch 31-April 10 - World War II: Japanese forces conduct the  Indian Ocean RaidApril 18, 1942 - World War II: The planes of the  Doolittle Raid  bomb JapanMay 4-8, 1942 - World War II: US forces turn back the Japanese advance against Port Moresby at the  Battle of the Coral Sea. Fought entirely by aircraft, it was first naval battle in which the opposing ships never sighted each other.May 5-6, 1942 - World War II: US and Filipino forces surrender after the  Battle of CorregidorMay 26-June 21, 1942 - World War II:  General Erwin Rommel  wins the  Battle of GazalaJune 4-7, 1942 - World War II: The US Pacific Fleet defeats the Japanese at the  Battle of Midway, turning the tide in the PacificJuly 1-27, 1942 - World War II: Axis forces are halted at the  First Battle of El Alamein August 7, 1942 - World War II: Allied forces go on the offensive in the Pacific by  landing on GuadalcanalAugust 9, 1942 - World War II: Japanese naval forces win the  Battle of Savo IslandAugust 9-15, 1942 - World War II: The Royal Navy resupplies Malta during  Operation PedestalAugust 19, 1942 - World War II: The  Dieppe Raid  ends in disaster for Allied troopsAugust 24-25, 1942 - World War II: Allied and Japanese forces fight the  Battle of the Eastern SolomonsAugust 25-September 7, 1942 - World War II: Allied force on New Guinea win the  Battle of Milne BayAugust 30-September 5, 1942 - World War II: British forces halt  Field Marshal Erwin Rommel  at the  Battle of Alam HalfaOctober 10/11, 1942 - World War II: Allied naval units win the  Battle of Cape EsperanceOctober 23-November 4, 1942 - World War II: British forces under  Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery  begin the  Second Battle of El AlameinOctober 25-27, 1942 - World War II: American and Ja panese naval forces fight the  Battle of Santa Cruz November 8-10, 1942 - World War II: American forces land in North Africa as part of  Operation TorchNovember 12-15, 1942 - World War II: Allied forces win the  Naval Battle of GuadalcanalNovember 27, 1942 - World War II: The  French fleet is scuttled  at Toulon during Operation LilaNovember 30, 1942 - World War II: Japanese forces win the  Battle of TassafarongaJanuary 29-30, 1943 - World War II: Japanese aircraft win the  Battle of Rennell IslandFebruary 19-25, 1943 - World War II: American troops area defeated at the  Battle of Kasserine PassMarch 2-4, 1943 - World War II: Allied aircraft win the  Battle of the Bismarck SeaApril 18, 1943 - World War II:  Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto  is killed by Allied aircraft during  Operation VengeanceApril 19-May 16, 1943 - World War II: The Germans suppress the  Warsaw Ghetto Uprising  in PolandMay 17, 1943 - World War II: As part of  Operation Chastise  RAF bombers strike dams in GermanyJuly 9, 1943 - World War II: Allied forces begin  Operation Husky  and invade Sicily August 17, 1943 - World War II: American bombers conduct the massive  Schweinfurt-Regensburg RaidSeptember 3-9, 1943 - World War II: American and British forces  land in ItalySeptember 26, 1943 - World War II: Australian commandoes conduct  Operation Jaywick  in Singapore HarborNovember 2, 1943 - World War II: American forces win the Battle of Empress Augusta BayNovember 20-23, 1943 - World War II: American forces  invade TarawaDecember 26, 1943 - World War II: British naval forces win the  Battle of the North CapeJanuary 22, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces begin Operation Shingle and open the  Battle of AnzioJanuary 31-February 3, 1944 - World War II: US troops fight the  Battle of KwajaleinFebruary 17-18, 1944 - World War II:  Operation Hailstone  sees Allied aircraft attack the Japanese anchorage at TrukFebruary 17-May 18, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces fight and win the  Battle of Monte CassinoMarch 17-23, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces win the  Battle of EniwetokMarch 24/25, 1944 - World War II: Allied POWs begin the  Great Escape  from Stalag Luft III June 4, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces capture RomeJune 4, 1944 - World War II: Allied naval forces  capture  U-505June 6, 1944 - World War II: British airborne forces execute  Operation DeadstickJune 6, 1944 - World War II: The invasion of France begins with Allied troops  coming ashore in NormandyJune 15, 1944 - World War II: The Allied invasion of the Marianas begins with  landings on SaipanJune 19-20, 1944 - World War II: The US Navy wins the  Battle of the Philippine SeaJuly 21- August 10, 1944 - World War II: Allied troops  recapture GuamJuly 25-31, 1944 - World War II: Allied troops break out of Normandy during  Operation CobraAugust 15, 1944 - World War II: Allied troops land in southern France as part of  Operation DragoonAugust 25, 1944 - World War II: French forces liberate ParisSeptember 15-November 27, 1944 - World War II: Allied forces fight and win the  Battle of PeleliuSeptember 17, 1944 - World War II: American and British paratroopers land in Holland as part of  Operation Market-Garden October 23-26, 1944 - World War II: US naval forces defeat the Japanese at the  Battle of Leyte Gulf, opening the way for the invasion of the PhilippinesDecember 16, 1944 - World War II: German forces launch a massive offensive in the Ardennes, beginning the  Battle of the Bulge. It ends in a decisive Allied victory the following monthFebruary 9, 1945 - World War II:  HMS  Venturer  sinks  U-864  in the only known battle where one submerged submarine sank anotherFebruary 19, 1945 - World War II: US Marines land on  Iwo JimaMarch 8, 1945 - World War II: US forces secure the  Ludendorff Bridge  over the RhineMarch 24, 1945 - World War II: Allied forces airdrop over the Rhine during  Operation VarsityApril 1, 1945 - World War II: Allied forces  invade the island of OkinawaApril 7, 1945 - World War II: The battleship  Yamato  is sunk during  Operation Ten-GoApril 16-19, 1945 - World War II: Soviet forces win the  Battle of the Seelow HeightsApril 29-May 8, 1945: World War II:  Operations Manna Chowhound  deliver food to the starving population of the Netherlands May 2, 1945 - World War II:  Berlin falls  to Soviet forcesMay 7, 1945 - World War II: Nazi Germany surrenders to the Allies, ending the war in EuropeAugust 6, 1945 - World War II: The  B-29 Superfortress  Enola Gay  drops the  first atom bomb  on the city of HiroshimaSeptember 2, 1945 - World War II: The Japanese surrender aboard the battleship  USS  Missouri  ending the war in the PacificDecember 19, 1946 - First Indochina War: Fighting begins between French and Viet Minh forces around Hanoi​October 21, 1947 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1947: The war starts following the invasion of Kashmir by Pakistani troopsMay 14, 1948 - Arab-Israeli War: Following its declaration of independence, Israel is attacked by its Arab neighborsJune 24, 1948 - Cold War: Berlin Blockade begins leading to the  Berlin AirliftJuly 20, 1949 - Arab-Israeli War: Israel makes peace with Syria ending the war 1950s June 25, 1950 - Korean War: North Korean troops cross the 38th Parallel beginning the  Korean WarSeptember 15, 1950 - Korean War: United Nations troops under  General Douglas MacArthur  land at Inchon  and push the North Koreans back to the Yalu RiverNovember 1950 - Korean War: Chinese forces enter the conflict, driving UN forces back over the 38th Parallel.November 26-December 11, 1950 - Korean War: UN forces fight the Chinese at the  Battle of Chosin ReservoirMarch 14, 1951 - Korean War: Seoul is liberated by UN troopsJune 27, 1953 - Korean War: Fighting ends following the establishment of a cease-fire between UN and North Korean/Chinese forcesJuly 26, 1953 - Cuban Revolution: The revolution begins following an attack on the Moncada BarracksMay 7, 1954 - First Indochina War: The French fortress at  Dien Bien Phu  falls effectively ending the warNovember 1, 1954 - Algerian War: National Liberation Front guerrillas attack French targets across Algeria beginning the warO ctober 26, 1956 - Suez Crisis: Israeli troops drop into the Sinai, beginning the conquest of the peninsula 1960s April 15-19, 1961 - Cuban Revolution: The American-backed Bay of Pigs invasion failsJanuary 1959 -  Vietnam War: The North Vietnamese Central Committee issues a secret resolution calling for an armed struggle in South VietnamAugust 2, 1964 - Vietnam War: The  Gulf of Tonkin Incident  occurs when North Vietnamese gunboats attack American destroyersMarch 2, 1965 - Vietnam War: Operation Rolling Thunder begins as US aircraft start bombing North VietnamAugust 1965 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1965: The conflict begins when Pakistan launches Operation Gibraltar in Indian KashmirAugust 17-24, 1965 - Vietnam War: US forces begin offensive operations in Vietnam with Operation StarlightNovember 14-18, 1965 - Vietnam War: US troops fight the  Battle of Ia Drang  in VietnamJune 5-10, 1967 - Six-Day War: Israel attacks and defeats Egypt, Syria, and JordanNovember 3-22, 1967 - Vietnam War: American forces win the  Battle of Dak ToJanuary 21, 1968 - Vietnam War: North Vietnamese forces laun ch the Tet Offensive January 23, 1968 - Cold War: The  Pueblo  Incident  takes place when the North Koreans board and capture USS  Pueblo  in international watersApril 8, 1968 - Vietnam War:  US troops relieve the besieged Marines at Khe SanhMay 10-20, 1969 - Vietnam War: US troops fight the  Battle of Hamburger HillJuly 14-18, 1969 - Central America: El Salvador and Honduras fight the  Football War 1970s April 29, 1970 - Vietnam War: American and South Vietnamese forces begin attacking into CambodiaNovember 21, 1970 - Vietnam War: US Special Forces  raid the POW camp at Son TayDecember 3-16, 1971 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: The war begins when India intervenes in the Bangladesh Liberation WarMarch 30, 1972 - Vietnam War: The Peoples Army of North Vietnam begins the  Easter OffensiveJanuary 27, 1973 - Vietnam War: The Paris Peace Accords are signed ending US involvement in the conflictOctober 6-26, 1973 - Yom Kippur War: After initial losses, Israel defeats Egypt and SyriaApril 30, 1975 - Vietnam War: Following the  fall of Saigon, South Vietnam surrenders ending the warJuly 4, 1976 - International Terrorism:  Israeli commandoes land at Entebbe Airport  in Uganda and rescue the passengers of Air France Flight 139December 25, 1979 - Soviet-Afghan War: Soviet airborne forces enter Afghanistan beginning the conflict 1980s September 22, 1980 - Iran-Iraq War: Iraq invades Iran beginning a war that lasts eight yearsApril 2-June 14, 1982 - Falklands War: Following the Argentinean invasion of the Falklands, the islands are liberated by the BritishOctober 25-December 15, 1983 - Invasion of Grenada: After the deposition and execution of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, US forces invade and capture the island.April 15, 1986 - International Terrorism: American aircraft  bomb Libya  in retaliation for an attack on a West Berlin night clubDecember 20, 1989-January 31, 1990 - Invasion of Panama: US forces invade Panama to oust dictator Manuel Noriega 1990s August 2, 1990 -  Gulf War: Iraqi troops invade KuwaitJanuary 17, 1991 - Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with American and coalition aircraft striking targets in Iraq and KuwaitFebruary 24, 1991 - Gulf War: Coalition ground forces advance into Kuwait and IraqFebruary 27, 1991 - Gulf War: Fighting ends as Kuwait is liberatedJune 25, 1991 - Former Yugoslavia: The first of the wars in the former Yugoslavia begins with the Ten-Day War in SloveniaMarch 24-June 10, 1999 - Kosovo War:  NATO aircraft bomb Yugoslav forces in Kosovo 2000s September 11, 2001 - War on Terror: Al Qaeda attacks the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in WashingtonOctober 7, 2001 - War on Terror: American and British aircraft begin bombing Taliban forces in AfghanistanDecember 12-17, 2001 - War on Terror: Coalition forces fight the  Battle of Tora BoraMarch 19, 2003 - Iraq War: US and British aircraft begin bombing Iraq as a prelude to the ground invasionMarch 24-April 4 - Iraq War: American forces fight the  Battle of NajafApril 9, 2003 - Iraq War: US forces occupy BaghdadDecember 13, 2003 - Iraq War: Saddam Hussein is captured by members of the US 4th Infantry Division and Task Force 121November 7-16, 2004 - Iraq War: Coalition forces fight the  Second Battle of Fallujah

Word Count and Book Length

Word Count and Book Length Word Count and Book Length Word Count and Book Length By Maeve Maddox A novelist of my acquaintance insists that the only way to estimate the number of words in a book is to multiply the number of pages by 250. That was the formula in the good old days when Courier was the only typeface and typewriters were King. Now we have computers and word processing software. Its no longer necessary to estimate according to the 250-words-per-page formula. All we have to do is use the WP tool that shows Word Count. Publishers want to know the overall length of your book. An approximate word count (round numbers) based on what your WP tells you enables them to estimate costs and other factors involved in printing a book. Novels for adult readers fall between 80,000 and 120,000 words. A novel of 50,000 would be the absolute minimum for some genres and, unless you are Ken Follett or some other established author, you should view 100,000 as the maximum. (Yes, exceptions for a first novel can be found, but writers who depend upon being The Exception are handicapping themselves unnecessarily.) Every genre has its own length preferences. Novels intended for the adult market will be longer than those targeted at children and young adults. A young adult novel will run between 20,000 and 40,000 words. In terms of adult mainstream fiction, that length would be considered a novella. TIP: Dont compose your novel with skinny margins, single-spacing and some off-the-wall font and then make formatting changes when youre ready to market the completed manuscript. Draft your novel in standard format from the start: 12-point Times Roman or 12-point Courier. Double-spacing Margins set to 1-inch all round Indented paragraphs NOTE: Dont put extra spacing between paragraphs unless your intention is to indicate a shift of viewpoint or passage of time. When you are ready to approach an agent or a publisher, study their guidelines carefully and submit your work exactly according to their preferences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsBail Out vs. Bale Out

Big Tobacco Sues Feds over Graphic Warnings on Cigarette Labels Research Paper - 1

Big Tobacco Sues Feds over Graphic Warnings on Cigarette Labels - Research Paper Example cco has two distinct functions, one as a consumable article and the other as a revenue earner, which at times appears to secure conflicting official treatment" (Breed, 2011). To counter this thought that tobacco is injurious to health, major cigarette manufacturing companies spent millions of dollars. They found anti smoking campaign by the government just to malign the minds of the people since scientific research yet to establish the actual cause of death of a person. Any law or ordinance that prohibits the sale of cigarettes at this stage is unjustified. It backs the American jurisprudence a man or woman is â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† (Breed, 2011). Yet Scientists have to prove that tobacco smoke or any of its constituents in cigarette cause human disease. So far, the research and studies conducted to find out the real cause of death/damages on human body, comes to the conclusion that tobacco cannot be blamed as a solo reason for the death of a person but the weak immune system that vary from individual to individual effects the human body (Breed, 2011). The strong defense of the tobacco manufacturing companies is that they are contributing a lot in shape of taxes to the national exchequers imposed by the concerned state on tobacco products. Further this industry employees a large number of employees. In case of industry, failure there could be two pronged losses: a) loss of taxes that collects by the states b) unemployment. Any effort to undermine the industry would have devastating impact on the jobs of more than 400,000 workers associated with tobacco industry besides losing of jobs of another 300,000 employees of its allied industries. As far as revenue generation through sale of this product is concerned, smokers are contributing approximately ten billion dollars a year, which reflects the sizeable chunk towards total revenue of the United States of America (Breed, 2011). The biased advertisement comprised of pictures of those smokers who have

What Ethics Means to the Writer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Ethics Means to the Writer - Assignment Example Personally, I believe that ethics involves knowing the difference between wrong and right, specifically through a process in which one figures out whether a certain action should or should not be carried out. For instance, if presented with a chance to shoplift in a supermarket due to a commotion, knowing that shoplifting is wrong and stopping me from doing it is being ethical. However, doing it even in the knowledge that it is wrong would be unethical. Obeying the law is also a part of being ethical, for example, ensuring that one has car insurance is a legal requirement and, therefore, ethical, while failing to acquire car insurance despite being required to do so for safety purposes is unethical. Ethics are also important in one’s career with numerous individual choices in the workplace being made on a daily basis. Whether one is a CEO or an employee, choices related to ethics will have a unique set of circumstances and significance, as well as the potential to produce diverse results. Ethics play a critical and constant role in the corporation and in an individual employee’s career. For example, the code of conduct and ethical behavior materials are obligatory in most corporations and the ability to follow these regulations and rules ensures that the individual is able to further their career without disciplinary issues and, therefore, it is important to follow the required ethics in the workplace. Finally, ethics are also important in society, which can be seen by the number of topics that have given rise to ethical debates in the US, such as organ donation after death and use of non-renewable- fossil fuel. Ethical debates in society normally have wide relevance, do not have definitive answers, and often involve very sensitive areas or topics.

To Kill A Mockingbird: Innocence Essay -- essays research papers

While examining the term, "the end of innocence", Scout’s viewpoint on Boo throughout the novel can be an indication of Scout’s own "end of innocence." Scout opens the novel with a naive viewpoint on both the world and Boo Radley. At the start of the novel, Scout interprets a raiding on the jail, through an adolescent standpoint. Scout sees the circumstances of the attack from the perspective of a young child. Scout’s responses to situations, such as the one at the jail, attributes to the fact that she is young, and has few life experiences under her belt. Scout plays ludicrous games with Boo and her detachment towards reality shows the immense childishness she possesses. Boo Radley is a fictional person to Scout and her friends. Scout treats Boo like a figment of her imagination, which signifies her naà ¯vetà ©. Scout starts the novel with a false association between fantasy and reality. Scout’s maturation commences when she views the injustice of Maycomb’s court system. After a jury fails to set Tom Robinson free, Scout fully understands the mechanics of prejudice when she declares, "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed." Scout has never met more trouble than the trouble that occurs between children‘s own social circles. After Tom Robinson is convicted, she fully comprehends racial prejudice, and begins to understand the entire situation. Following the trail, she says, "The...

Intention to create legal relations Essay

Before looking at if the intention to create legal relations should be used to replace consideration, it is important to look at how these doctrines fit into the essential elements in a contract. Their use will then be discussed, together with the doctrine of promissory estoppel. In evaluating these principles reference will be made to case law, judicial comment and of leading contract academics work. Finally, thought will be given to the future of consideration, and if it is still necessary today, when so many other countries have adopted alternative approaches to ensuring that contracts are binding. In the formation of contracts two elements are vital. Firstly, the â€Å"offer,† an indication by one person prepared to contract with another, on certain terms, which are fixed, or capable of being fixed at the time the offer is made.[1] Secondly, there must be an â€Å"acceptance†, an unconditional assent to a definite offer.[2] These two combine to create certainty that a contract has been formed, for, as in Scammell v Ouston (1941),[3] â€Å"if an agreement is uncertain on some important issue†¦the courts will hold there is no contract.†[4] Following this, the elements of consideration and intent provide the contract’s â€Å"body and substance†[5] So, what is meant by â€Å"consideration† and â€Å"the intention to create legal relations†? English law usually requires proof that the parties have made a bargain, or agreement,[6] this is known as the benefit and detriment test. (Currie v Misa (1875))[7] or † a benefit to one party or a detriment to another.†[8] So, in practical terms consideration can be defined as what one party in an agreement is giving, or promising, in exchange for what is being given, or promised, by the other side. [9] This provides mutuality, making the contract enforceable. The Oxford Dictionary of Law definition states, â€Å"Consideration is essential to the validity of any contract other than one made by deed. Without consideration an agreement not made by deed is not binding; it is a nudum pactum (naked agreement) governed by the maxim ex nudo pacto non oritur action (a right of action does not arise out of a naked agreement.)†[10] English law does not rely on formali ties as a way of identifying intention to create a legally binding contract. Instead it focuses on offer, acceptance and consideration.[11] If these are present,  and unless rebutted by contrary evidence, courts operate on the basis of two legal presumptions, that there is no intention to be bound in domestic or social arrangements, but there is intention to be bound in commercial agreements.[12] Professor B.A.Hepple claims that there is no need of a separate requirement of intention, and that a bargain, involving mutuality is sufficient. These views are not generally accepted as it is widely agreed that identifying the parties’ intentions is essential to the role of the courts when establishing if a contract was made.[13] (mf†¦) It is useful to look at why English law has become so reliant on the consideration element of a contract, and why it has frequently been used as the â€Å"badge of enforceability,†[14] Professor Atiyah argues that â€Å"consideration† originally meant a â€Å"reason for enforcing an agreement.†[15] Early forms of contract law mainly involved agreements regarding debt, covenant, or detinue ie., wrongful detention of property, and were only binding if under seal. This method, which required a degree of form such as writing or a deed, was used to prevent fraud and proved that there was an intention to create legal relations. Consideration was first used in the sixteenth century when, in order to enforce informal agreements, the law of assumsit was developed.[16] So, while that the law would, â€Å"†¦still not enforce merely gratuitous promises, †¦ the law had to develop an element that could distinguish between a proper contractual agreement, and somethin g less that would not.†[17] Due to the Law of Property Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1989, form is still required for contracts involving the sale of land. It is also used to offer consumers protection in hire purchase and consumer credit agreements. In the English Common law system, a promise is not legally binding as part of a contract except if it is made in a deed or supported by some consideration. [18] Sir Guenter Treitel Q.C., describes the purpose of consideration as,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦to put some legal limits on the enforceability of agreements even where they are intended to be legally binding and are not vitiated by some factor  such as mistake, misrepresentation, duress or illegality.†[19] This is a peculiarity found only in English law. In some civil law countries, promises that in England would not be considered binding due to â€Å"lack of consideration,† can be enforced if they have been made in some notarised writing. The European Civil Law systems were formed around the fifteenth century and based on the Roman Catholic Code of Canon law and the value of good faith. Due to this, their courts take the view that all lawful and sincere agreements are contracts.[20] As English law has developed there has been an insistence on the use of consideration and intention to create legal relations in order to enforce a contract. (Balfour v Balfour (1919))[21] Although it may not be easy to find consideration in a contract, (Ward v Byham (1956))[22] it could be asked why it is thought to be necessary at all. Originally, the basic idea of consideration was to show that A had bought B’s promise.[23] (Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd (1915))[24] However, there was a general principle of non-interference in the concerns of other people. Therefore, the doctrine was not strictly enforced; it was enough to provide sufficiency of consideration it did not have to be adequate. This meant that, â€Å"the consideration provided by one party need not equal in value the consideration provided by the other party.†[25](Thomas v Thomas (1842))[26] Since this case it was assumed that consideration must have at least some economic value, and that it must be, â€Å"†¦something which has some value in the eye of the law.†[27] (mf†¦) The use of the word â€Å"sufficiency† also causes uncertainty. Courts have decided it must be real, not as in White v Bluett (1853)[28] where a son tried to use a promise to stop complaining over the distribution of his father’s property as consideration. Although, there was an economic element, as a father promised not to enforce the repayment of a debt owed to him by his son, it was held that, â€Å"The son had no right to complain, for the father might make what  distribution of his property as he liked; and the son’s abstaining from what he had no right to do can be no consideration.†[29] In this case the court took the view that this type of moral obligation could not be used as any form of value, in other cases the courts appear to almost invent consideration so contracts can be enforced.[30] As in Ward v Byham (1956) where â€Å"happiness† was used. In Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd., (1960),[31] the House of Lords held that chocolate wrappers needed to buy records in a special promotion were part of the consideration. The wrappers had no monetary value, for upon receipt Nestle’s would simply discard them.[32] Therefore, even something valueless could be used as consideration. From this it can be seen that consideration does not guarantee fairness of bargains. Indeed it could be argued that, as this would not fit the benefit and detriment test, this type of â€Å"nominal bargain†[33] should not be allowed. This is the most problematic area of the rules surrounding consideration. To start with, the fact that consideration need not be adequate, just sufficient, means it does not need to be of equal value to that which the other party is offering. This could lead to injustice. There could be some perfectly good reason why A sells his Mercedes to B for a token amount, but what if he is under duress, perhaps being blackmailed by B.[34] Similarly, it is quite fair that, as in Stilk v Myrick (1809)[35] performance of an existing contractual duty was held to be insufficient consideration. An employee should not be allowed to hold his employer to ransom in this way, unless it is proven that the situation changed significantly, and he has undertaken a considerable extra workload after the promise of extra pay. (Hartley v Ponsonby (1857))[36] So why do the courts permit the token element in bargains at all? It has been said that, â€Å"consideration was originally the reason for the enforcement of a promise.†[37] Therefore, even token bargains have a purpose by providing evidence that the parties take the agreement seriously, and show an intention to create legal relations. The doctrine of consideration was also used was where alteration promises were made regarding the part payment of debts. The general rule as established in Pinnel’s’ case (1602)[38] was that â€Å"the gift of a horse, hawk or robe, etc in satisfaction is good.† [39] The assumption being that providing something in consideration might be more beneficial to the plaintiff than waiting for the money.[40] This rule was confirmed in the House of Lords in Foakes v Beer (1884)[41]. This â€Å"practical benefit† was also the principle in Williams v Roffey Brothers (1990)[42] where it was advantageous to pay more for the same work. However, the rule in Pinnel’s Case can be avoided by providing â€Å"extra consideration, altering the way payment is made, by paying earlier, at a different time or place or via third party.†[43] Possibly due to this, the Law revision Committee 1937 recommended the abolition of the rule in Pinnel’s Case, but so far t hat has not happened.[44] Lord Denning tried a different approach with his use of the equitable principle of promissory estoppel. In his obiter statement in Central London Property Trust v High Trees House (1947),[45] he stated that, † a promise intended to be binding, intended to be acted upon, and in fact acted on, is binding so far as its terms properly apply.[46] Due to this it was held that a promise could be enforced without consideration if it would be wrong for that person to go back on a promise and there has been a reliance on it.[47] He based his views on Lord Cairns’ comments in the earlier â€Å"equitable waiver† case of Hughes vMetropolitan Railway (1877)[48] It has been suggested that the promisee must have suffered a detriment from reliance on a promise. Lord Denning denied that this was necessary, claiming that someone just needed to have â€Å"acted on the belief induced by the other party.† (W J Alan & Co v El Nasr (1972))[49]. Other limitations exist, promissory estoppel only applies to the modification or discharge of an existing contractual obligation, [50] therefore â€Å"equity is a shield not a sword,† it will not allow someone to use equity to instigate a cause of  action.[51] (Coombe v Coombe (1951)[52] The promise not to enforce rights must be clear and unequivocal, in The Scaptrade (1983)[53] it was held that the fact that they hadn’t enforced their full rights in the past was not sufficient. It must be inequitable for the promisor to go back on his promise, in D & C Builders v Rees (1966)[54], Mrs Rees had forced the builders to accept her cheque by inequitable means and so could not rely on promissory estoppel,[55] for â€Å"he who comes to equity must do so with clean hands.† [56] This doctrine is also contrary to the House of Lords decisions in Jorden v Money ( 1854)[57] and Foakes v Beer (1884) As can be seen from these cases, unlike in the past when a gentleman’s word was his bond, people can no longer be relied upon to keep gratuitous promises, however seriously meant. They are also likely to use litigation if they later wish to go back on them. Treitel points out that, † the doctrine of consideration has attracted much criticism, â€Å"[58] as even the most flimsy evidence is given as consideration, so its use has become somewhat dubious. â€Å"The doctrine is an historical accident; that foreign systems do without.† [59]To overcome these problems, Parliament could extend the scope of existing legislation by using form to prove the intention to create legal relations in more situations than now. That would mean that although not needed for basic everyday events like shopping, or private domestic arrangements; eg., babysitting, all other contracts of a financial or contractual nature would have to have written agreements. As Treitel says, † English law does recognise, in the deed, a perfectly safe and relatively simple means of making gratuitous promises binding.† [60]These would be subject to the usual rules applying to the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994, the Consumer Protection Act 1987, the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, etc., In the event of a dispute regarding a contract with no written agreement, the courts could consider it to be void, as there was no proof of an intention to create legal relations and therefore the contract has no legal effect. Any money paid out under such a contract would be recoverable and any work that has been done maybe compensated on a quantum meruit basis.[61] Care would also have to be taken to ensure the rights of third parties are protected.[62] The use of form as proof of the intention to create legal relations would provide a â€Å"useful safeguard against rash  promises.†[63] Although, â€Å"this does not solve the problem of action in reliance on an informal promise†¦ the court maybe able to give some effect to the promise under the doctrine of waiver or in equity.†[64]

Analysis Of Fences By August Wilson - 1612 Words

All people deal with emotions in everyday life and most will have problems controlling their emotions at some point in time. However, when emotions get out of hand people can start having problems in their daily life. In August Wilson s play Fences, he uses his piece to explain that someone unable to control their actions caused by selfish, hatred, or angry emotions will cause issues in one s personal life, general decisions, and in family life. Wilson hopes to target people who can t control their emotions and wishes to prevent the negative effects of uncontrolled actions caused by negative emotion. The inability to control one s emotions can harm their friends, decision making, and family. Wilson main reason of writing the play is to show the audience that uncontrolled emotion can be harmful in one s life. In Wilson s play, he uses the character Troy, a man who is a married man with a rough history and has anger issues. Troy personal life is heavily influenced by his emotion especially the anger from his past. Troy spends the majority of the play stating that he was unable to play baseball due to his race even though he claims to be better than the majority of players playing at the time. All through the play, Troy told Rose his wife, Cory, and Bano about how if he was white he would be a professional baseball player and how his life would be better (1.1.80-90). The main reason Wilson has Troy behave that way is to show how being angry in the past will hurt one sShow MoreRelatedFences Analysis On Fences By August Wilson1283 Words   |  6 Pages Fences Analysis In the play â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson the play’s attitude toward women is biased, and if the play was written by a female I think it would have a stronger feminine influence. Issues such as racism and discrimination against blacks may be raised in the play that the author did not bring up, and the women in the story somewhat do generally typify women in the 1950s. To support my interpretation, the women in the play were homebodies, just worrying about the household because theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1179 Words   |  5 PagesFences, August Wilson The close reading process for this play occurs in three stages: 1. First Read (Days 2 and Day 3): Students are not to cold read the play during this period. It is essential for their understanding that this first read comes from a fluent adult reader or (less ideally) from a recording of the play. Teachers should pre-select moments of tension or surprise when students should stop and jot their thoughts, ideas and questions about the text. The suggested cues for the openRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1340 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter who, for the most part, is a benevolent person, but suffers from his or her hamartia and hubris, which ultimately leads to their downfall and recognition of their poor choices, as well as the reversal of their situation. The play Fences written by August Wilson describes the struggles and hardships of an African-American family endeavoring to live the American Dream in the 1950s. Although some may argue that the main character, Troy, is not a tragic hero, evidence in the play fortifies that heRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1251 Words   |  6 PagesFences by August Wilson is a play about African American life during the 1950’s era, it reflects a transitional time where African Americans begin to stand up and fight against racism. The father son relationship is a centering conflict within the play Fences. Throughout the play we are immersed into this complex connection of Troy and his two sons, Cory and Lyon. Troy struggles to create an identity separate from what is forced on him through an oppressive society. His battle with identity streamsRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson Essay1837 Words   |  8 PagesFences written by August Wilson, the setting reveals the man that Troy Maxson really is. The set of the play represents Troy Maxson’s character within the play where him and his family reside in a fenced in yard of Troy’s front porch, brick house. He is proud to provide a home for his family. However, Troy has not accomplished this achievement on his own. Which takes a toll on Troy when he realizes he has nothing to show for his life which leads Troy to feel ashamed of himself. The protagonist, TroyRead MoreAnalysis Of August Wilsons Fences 1800 Words   |  8 PagesAugust Wilson s â€Å"Fences† takes us on a journey that transforms the 20th century impression of a Negro Family with Insatiability, Tenderness, and Sacrifice. The famous play is an autobiography of an American Negro man who loses his dreams for the people he loves. Fences demonstrates us what sacrifice looks like and how egocentricity still exist today. Fences takes place with a family in Pittsburgh from 1957 to 1965. The characters are Troy, Bono, Rose, Lyons, Gabriel, Cory, and Raynell. Fï  ¥Ã¯  ®Ã¯  £Ã¯  ¥Ã¯  ³Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯  ©s importantRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Fences `` By August Wilson867 Words   |  4 Pagesa family. August Wilson’s â€Å"Fences† portrays extremely well what happens when a member of the family decides to forget his or her duties. The use of metaphors and symbols throughout the play such as baseball and fences, illustrate exactly why Troy Maxson as a family man was destined for disappointment. Rose, Troy’s wife in the play was the obvious voice of reason between the two; all she wanted was an interrupted happy family life. The fences that she put up were not physical fences but ratherRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1656 Words   |  7 Pagesand typically a positive thing. There are times, however, when the people that children emulate are not the best examples society has to offer. In the play Fences Cory looks up to his dad when it comes to sports. However, by the end of the play the reader starts to notice that Troy is not the man to look up to. The plot in Fences by August Wilson is centered around an African American family that looks at the world a little differently by that I mean when Troy was young people believed blacks shouldn’tRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1240 Words   |  5 Pagescontinued to pursue this goal despite the likeliness of failure? Would it still be worth it? Fences by August Wilson tells the story of an i mpoverished African-American family in the 1950s and the father Troy’s failed American Dream. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald illustrates the upper class in the Roaring Twenties and a man named Gatsby who also fails to attain his long-awaited dream. Both Wilson, in Fences, and Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby don’t believe solely in the dreamer or solely in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1307 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1990, after Paramount Pictures and playwright August Wilson came to a disagreement about the adaptation of his play Fences, Wilson published an Op-Ed in Spin magazine titled â€Å"I Want a Black Director.† The Spike Lee edited piece discussed what Wilson saw as the penultimate disagreement between himself and the studio, stating specifically: â€Å"At the time of my last meeting with Paramount Pictures in January 1990, a well-known, highly respected white director wanted very much to direct the film

The rules of international law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2550 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Although there is no rule of stare decisions in international law, the role of judicial decisions in establishing both customary international law and general principles of law has meant that a defacto rule of precedent has now emerged. The rules of international law are created primarily by states for their own purpose. In a nutshell international law is meant to regulate activities between sovereign states. However, in recent times, the scope of international has expanded and now includes international organisations and non state actors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The rules of international law" essay for you Create order The most cogent argument for the existence of international law as a system of law is that members of the international community recognise that there exists a body of rules binding upon them as law.[1] In short, there is not much that is done in the international arena that is not regulated by international law and international law now governs certain aspects of relations between distinct units within a sovereign state, such as the territories of federal Canada or the devolved regions of the United Kingdom.[2] International law has developed and grown tremendously over the years. The rules of international law are being adhered to everyday and it is now normal to obey and respect international law. International law is no longer seen as a set of principles that states can flout at will. However, despite all the progress made by international law in recent years, a lot still remains to be done. International law is very fascinating and very complex. International law is not an adversarial system of law; many of its rules have evolved from the practice of states and often this do not stipulate rigid obligations or confer overriding legal rights.[3] Stare decisions is the doctrine of law, that stipulates, that previous court decisions establish a binding precedent for cases of similar facts or situations.[4] There is no rule of stare decision in international law, whereby it is made obligatory for a court to follow its previous decisions.[5] However, the International Court of Justice as well as international tribunals do examine previous decisions and may take them in to consideration when taking decision on a matter before it.[6] This in no small measure helps to promote judicial consistency.[7] This essay will discuss the following question; ‘although there is no rule of stare decisions in international law, the role of judicial decisions in establishing both customary international law and general principles of law has meant that a defacto rule of precedent has now emerged’. I will start by taking a brief look at the history and role of international law. Role and history of international law International law is a system of law that governs relationship between states as well as other international legal person or organisations. Public international law deals with the conduct and structure of states and other international organisations. The evolution of the international community can be divided in to four stages. The peace of Westphalia is often citied as being the birth of the modern nation states establishing states as sovereigns answering to no one within its own boarders. The first stage can be classified as the period from the 16th century to the 17th century. This is the period that modern nation states rose. The rise of modern nation states enhanced the rise of modern international law, before then the Church and the Emperor were the supreme authorities. Some commentators assert that internat ional law developed to deal with new states arising after the peace of Westphalia. Some other commentators argue that the lack of influence of the Pope and the Catholic Church gave rise to the need for new generally accepted coded in Europe. The second stage can be classified as the period leading up to and including the First World War. After the First World War, the nations of the world decided to form an international body. The then president of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson came up with the idea of a League of Nations. However the League of Nations failed for various reasons, the least not being the lack of cooperation amongst member states and its inherent institutional deficiencies. The third stage can be classified as the period the United Nations was founded to the end of the cold war. The then president of the United States, F.D Roosevelt on January 1 1942 issued a Declaration by the United Nations, on behalf of 26 nations, that had pledged to fight aga inst the axis powers. On October 24 1945, the United Nations officially came in to existence. Modern international law is often affirmed as a product of modern European civilization. The European Communities that came in to existence in the aftermath of the Second World, had the main trust for the creation of the EU, to a large extent, from its desire not to repeat the mistakes made by the victorious powers in the inter-war years and the recognition and the need for mutual interdependence by Western European States.[8] Where as the concern of international law deals with maintenance of international peace and security; world trade and development; ensuring that the human rights and dignity of people are respected; environmental issues and use of common air space, sea and Antarctica among other concerns. The third stage can be classified as the period the cold war ended to this present day. International law has continued to evolve. International law operates alongside with int ernational politics and diplomacy. Today international law touches on many aspects of our lives ranging from economics, human rights, labour law, environment and even consumer protection and legal order. However, it appears that international law was modelled in such a way as to legitimise, codify and protect the interest of great powers and respect for law in international law appears to be made dependent on power.[9] The United Nations represents the general interest of the World Community and is completely independent from any government or body. The United Nations acts as the guardian of so many international multilateral and bilateral treaties. The Security Council under the Charter of the United Nations may carry out enforcement action against a state when the state poses a threat to world peace or has committed an act of aggression or breach of peace.[10] The United Nations has the responsibility of ensuring that the other institutions and the Member States observe their i nternational law obligations. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and the International Criminal Court, which deals with individuals that have committed grave violations of international law, particularly abuse of human rights with impunity. A state is not under any obligation to engage the International Court of Justice in order to resolve a legal dispute, however if a matter is referred to the International Court of Justice, the award of the Court is binding on the parties and must be enforced.[11] The Sources of International Law International law is unique in the sense that it does not possess formal institutions responsible for making laws. However, despite the absence of formal institutions that are responsible for making laws in international law, there are recognised and generally accepted methods by which legal rules come in to existence in international law as well as how the precise content of legal rules can b e identified.[12] International law has three primary sources, namely, international treaties, customs and general principles of law. However attempts have been made to codify international customary law with the formation of the International Law Commission (ILC). Treaties are a means whereby states consciously and voluntarily create international law and it may cover any area of international law. Treaties may involve several nations (multilateral) or it may be just between two states (bilateral). Once a treaty has satisfied all the formal requirements for its existence and has entered in to force it automatically imposes obligations on the state parties which they must carry out and if they fail to carry out their obligations under the binding treaty, they will incur international responsibility unless they can provide a valid defence. A lot of multilateral treaties are a mixture of codification of current customary law and the progressive development of the law.[13] Cus tomary international law is that law which has its origin from practice or customs of states. It is the foundation stone of the modern law of nations.[14] Customary international law is an ongoing phenomenon and it fills the void in any event that the legal regime of a treaty fails to gain universal acceptance.[15] Article 38 of the statute of the International Court of Justice is not an exhaustive list of the sources of international law, rather it is direction to the Court authorising it to consider various materials when deciding disputes submitted to it.[16] According to paragraph 1 (c ) of Article 38, general principles of law are also sources of international law; however there is no general consensus amongst academics as to the precise interpretation of Article 38 1 (c ), while some argue that it represents an acknowledgement by states that there are sources of international law outside state control others argue that paragraph 1 (c ) merely describes general, non-speci fic principles that have already been validated as law by the real formal sources such as customs and treaty.[17] Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice stipulates as follows: ‘(1) The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply, (a) International conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognised by the contesting States; (b) International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; (c) The general principles of law recognised by civilised nations; (d) Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. (2) This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree to it.’[18] According to Dixon , ‘article 38 of the Statute does not provide a complete and unambiguous statement of the sources of international law and it leaves several questions unanswered. Still it would be a mistake to underestimate the importance of Article 38, not least because it is vital that a reasonably clear and precise statement of the sources be available. It is because Article 38 more or less fulfils this role that it has been accepted as authoritative by the Court and by the states themselves’.[19] A judicial decision by the International Court of Justice may give the stamp of law to an alleged rule of custom.[20] The International Court of Justice in 1974 pronounced as follows, ‘’†¦two concepts have crystallised as customary law in recent years arising out of the general consensus revealed at that conference (1960, law of the sea conference). The first is the concept of fishing zone. The second is the concept of preferential rights of fishing in adjacent waters in favour of the coastal state in a situation of special dependency on its coastal fisheries†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[21] Conclusion Judicial decisions do not make customary international law neither do they make general principles of law, but they are declaratory of pre existing laws. They are law identifying or material sources of law.[22] Article 59 of the International Court of Justice Statute, states that, ‘’the decision of the Court has no binding force except between parties and in respect of that particular case’’. See also Nauru v Australia, Preliminary Objections (1993) 32 ILM 46. However, while it is true that Article 59 of the International Court of Justice Statute deliberately excludes a formal doctrine of stare decisis in the international legal system, the Article is still open to challenge. No doubt, it is clear that the International Court of Justice pays great regard to both the actual decisions it has reached in previous cases and to the law it has declared therein.[23] See the Interpretation of peace Treaties Case (1950) ICJ Rep.65, where the Court took out time to distinguish the earlier decision of the old PCIJ in the Eastern Carelia Case (1923) PCIJ Ser. B No.5, assuming we are to take Article 59 on its face value, then the court will not bother to take out time to distinguish the earlier decision from the one before it. The International Court of Justice has also followed its earlier decisions. See the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case (1925) PCIJ Ser. B No.10, where the Court specifically referred to the precedent afforded by the Wimbledon case.[24] The International Court of Justice do not regard its decisions as guidelines for future decisions, but rather the Court regards its decisions as authority for future decisions.[25] See Nicaragua v United States of America (1984) ICJ Rep 169. The International Court of Justice attempts to develop and maintain a coherent and consistent b ody of legal principles and rules and thereby circumvents Article 59 in practice. I agree with Dixon that the International Court of Justice is more involved in the process of law creation than either Article 59 or Article 38 of its Statute suggests.[26] The Court has been able to establish in recent times a consistent body of precedents that it adheres to and a decision of the Court usually has a profound impact on customary international law. See the Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries and Libya v Chad (1994) ICJ Rep 6. Finally, although technically the International Court of Justice can not participate in law making due to the fact that stare decisions is not applicable in international law, in practice it does not work out because the decisions of the Courts have gone a long way in establishing both customary international law and general principles of law that one can cautiously say that rules of precedent are gradually emerging in international law. I will end this essay by quoting D ixon, ‘the decisions of the court have a similar impact in international law as do decisions of the House of Lords in UK law, without the formal doctrine of binding precedent†¦the attempt to protect state sovereignty by limiting the function of the International Court of Justice to one simple adjudication rather than law creation has largely failed’.[27] Bibliography Becks Law Dictionary (2008) A compendium of International Law terms and Phrases, Washburn University School of Law Library, Washburn Cassese, A (1995) Self Determination of Peoples: A legal appraisal, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Cheng, B (2007) General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Dixon, M (2005) Text Book on International law, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Fairhurst, J (2007) Law of the European Union, Sixth Edition, Pearson, Harlow Knop k, (2002) Diversity and Self-Determinatio n in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Malanczuk, P (1977) Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, Seventh Edition Routledge, London Musgrave, T (1997) Self determination and National Minorities, Oxford University Press, Oxford Shaw, M (2005) International Law, Fifth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Wallace, R.M.M (2005) International law, Fifth Edition, Sweet and Maxwell, London 1 Footnotes [1] Dixon (2005) p.4 [2] Dixon (2005) p.3 [3] Dixon (2005) p.11 [4] Becks Law Dictionary (2008) [5] Wallace (2005) p.26 [6] Wallace (2005) p.26 [7] Wallace (2005) p.26 [8] Fairhurst (2007) p.3-4 [9] Cassese (1995) p.11-15 [10] See Article 39 and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter [11] Dixon (2005) p.8 [12] Dixon (2005) p.21 [13] Dixon (2005) p.26 [14] Dixon (2005) p.28 [15] Dixon (2005) p.28 [16] Dixon (2005) p.21 [17] Dixon (2005) p.38 [18] See Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice [19] Dixon (2005) p.22 [20] Wallace (2005) p.27 [21] Fisheries Jurisdiction merit citied in Wallace (2005) p.28 [22] Dixon (2005) p.41 [23] Dixon (2005) p.42 [24] Citied in Dixon (2005) p.42 [25] Dixon (2005) p.42 [26] Dixon (2005) p.42 [27] Dixon (2005) p.43